Biology:BUB3

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BUB3 gene.[1][2]

Bub3 is a protein involved with the regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC); though BUB3 is non-essential in yeast, it is essential in higher eukaryotes. As one of the checkpoint proteins, Bub3 delays the irreversible onset of anaphase through direction of kinetochore localization during prometaphase[1] to achieve biorientation. In directing the kinetochore-microtubule interaction, this ensures the proper (and consequently, bioriented) attachment of the chromosomes prior to anaphase. Bub3 and its related proteins that form the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) inhibit the action of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), preventing early anaphase entry and mitotic exit; this serves as a mechanism for the fidelity of chromosomal segregation.[3]

Function

Bub3 is a crucial component in the formation of the mitotic spindle assembly complex, which forms a complex with other important proteins.[4] For correct segregation of the cells it is necessary for all mitotic spindles to attach correctly to the kinetochore of each chromosome. This is controlled by the mitotic spindle checkpoint complex which operates as a feedback-response.[4] If there is a signal of a defect in the attachment, mitosis will be stopped to ensure that all chromosomes have an amphitelic binding to spindles. After the error is corrected, the cell will proceed to anaphase. The complex of proteins which regulate the cell arrest are BUB1, BUB2, BUB3 (this protein), Mad1, Mad2, Mad3 and MPS1.[4]

Role in the spindle assembly checkpoint

At unattached kinetochores, a complex consisting of BubR1, Bub3, and Cdc20 interact with the Mad2-Cdc20 complex to inhibit the APC, thus inhibiting the formation of active APCCdc20.[5][6] Bub3 binds constitutively to BubR1; in this arrangement, Bub3 acts as a key component of the SAC in the formation of an inhibitory complex.[7] Securin and cyclin B are also stabilized before the anaphase transition by the unattached kinetochores.[8] The stabilization of cyclin and securin prevent the degradation that would lead to the irreversible and fast separation of the sister chromatids.

The formation of these “inhibitory complexes” and steps feed into a ‘wait’ signal before activation of separase; at the stage prior to anaphase, securin inhibits the activity of separase and maintains the cohesion complex.[3]

Structure

The crystal structure of Bub3 indicates a protein of the seven-bladed beta-propeller structure with the presence of WD40 repeats, with each blade formed by four anti-parallel beta sheet strands that have been organized around a tapered channel. Mutation data suggest several important surfaces of interaction for the formation of the SAC, particularly the conserved tryptophans (in blades 1 and 3) and the conserved VAVE sequences in blade 5.

Rae1 (an mRNA export factor), another member of the WD40 protein family, shows high sequence conservation with that of Bub3. Both bind to Gle2p-binding-sequence (GLEBS) motifs; while Bub3 specifically binds Mad3 and Bub1, Rae1 has more promiscuous binding as it binds both the nuclear pore complex and Bub1. This indicates a similarity in interaction of Bub3 and Rae1 with Bub1.[9]

Interactions

BUB3 has been shown to interact with BUB1B,[1][10][11] HDAC1[12] and Histone deacetylase 2.[12]

Bub3 has been shown to form complexes with Mad1-Bub1 and with Cdc20 (the interaction of which does not require intact kinetochores). Additionally, it has been shown to bind Mad2 and Mad3.[7][13]

Bub3 directs the localization of Bub1 at the kinetochore in order to activate the SAC.[1] In both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, Bub3 has been shown to bind BubR1 and Bub1.[3]

The components that are essential for the spindle assembly checkpoint in yeast have been determined to be Bub1, Bub3, Mad1, Mad2, Mad3, and the increasingly important Mps1 (a protein kinase).

Regulation

When the SAC is activated, the production of the Bub3-Cdc20 complex is activated. After kinetochore attachment is complete, the spindle checkpoint complexes (including the BubR1-Bub3) experience a decrease in concentration.[14][15]

Bub3 also acts as a regulator in that it affects binding of Mad3 to Mad2.[7]

Structural and sequence analysis indicated the existence of three conserved regions that are referred to as WD40 repeats. Mutation of one of these motifs has indicated an impaired ability of Bub3 to interact with Mad2, Mad3, and Cdc20. The structural data suggested that Bub3 acts as a platform that mediates the interaction of SAC protein complexes.[7][9]

Clinical significance

BUB3 forms a complex with BUB1 (BUB1/BUB3 complex) to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) as soon as the spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated. BUB3 also phosphorylates:

  • CDC20 (activator) and thereby inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C.
  • MAD1L1, which usually interacts with BUB1 and BUBR1, and in turn the BUB1/BUB3 complex interacts with MAD1L1.

Another function of BUB3 is to promote correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments when the spindle-assembly checkpoint is active. It plays a role in the localization of kinetochore of BUB1.

BUB3 serves in oocyte meiosis as the regulator of chromosome segregation.

Defects in BUB3 in the cell cycle can contribute to the following diseases:[4]

  • hepatocellular carcinoma
  • gastric cancer
  • breast cancer
  • cervical cancer
  • adenomatous polyposis
  • osteosarcoma familial breast cancer
  • glioblastoma cervicitis
  • lung cancer carcinoma
  • Coli polyposis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "The human homologue of Bub3 is required for kinetochore localization of Bub1 and a Mad3/Bub1-related protein kinase". The Journal of Cell Biology 142 (1): 1–11. July 1998. doi:10.1083/jcb.142.1.1. PMID 9660858. 
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: BUB3 BUB3 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 homolog (yeast)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9184. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Morgan, David O (2007). The cell cycle: principles of control. London: Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-87893-508-6. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Bub3 gene disruption in mice reveals essential mitotic spindle checkpoint function during early embryogenesis". Genes & Development 14 (18): 2277–82. September 2000. doi:10.1101/gad.827500. PMID 10995385. 
  5. ↑ * "Two different mitotic checkpoint inhibitors of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome antagonize the action of the activator Cdc20". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (27): 9181–5. July 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804069105. PMID 18591651. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.9181E. 
  6. ↑ * "Direct binding of CDC20 protein family members activates the anaphase-promoting complex in mitosis and G1". Molecular Cell 2 (2): 163–71. August 1998. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80126-4. PMID 9734353. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 * "Bub3 interaction with Mad2, Mad3 and Cdc20 is mediated by WD40 repeats and does not require intact kinetochores". The EMBO Journal 20 (23): 6648–59. December 2001. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.23.6648. PMID 11726501. 
  8. ↑ * Jin, Dong-Yan, ed (November 2009). "Bub3 is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein regulating chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiosis". PLOS ONE 4 (11): e7701. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007701. PMID 19888327. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.7701L. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 * "Crystal structure of the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Bub3". Journal of Molecular Biology 344 (4): 885–92. December 2004. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.094. PMID 15544799. 
  10. ↑ * "Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2". The Journal of Cell Biology 154 (5): 925–36. September 2001. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102093. PMID 11535616. 
  11. ↑ * "The beta2-adaptin clathrin adaptor interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 298 (5): 720–30. November 2002. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02522-6. PMID 12419313. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 * "WD repeat-containing mitotic checkpoint proteins act as transcriptional repressors during interphase". FEBS Letters 575 (1–3): 23–9. September 2004. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.089. PMID 15388328. 
  13. ↑ * "Kinetochore-microtubule interactions "in check" by Bub1, Bub3 and BubR1: The dual task of attaching and signalling". Cell Cycle 7 (12): 1763–8. June 2008. doi:10.4161/cc.7.12.6180. PMID 18594200. 
  14. ↑ * "Regulation of APC-Cdc20 by the spindle checkpoint". Current Opinion in Cell Biology 14 (6): 706–14. December 2002. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00382-4. PMID 12473343. 
  15. ↑ * Khanin, Raya, ed (August 2009). "Reverse engineering of the spindle assembly checkpoint". PLOS ONE 4 (8): e6495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006495. PMID 19652707. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.6495D. 

Further reading

External links



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