Biology:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

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Short description: Species of bacterium

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species:
B. amyloliquefaciens
Binomial name
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Priest et al., 1987

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium in the genus Bacillus. B. amyloliquefaciens is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme. The species also synthesizes the enzyme barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with an intracellular inhibitor known as barstar, and plantazolicin, an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis.[1]

Cultures of the organism are used in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics to fight pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum,[2][3] Pythium,[4] Rhizoctonia solani,[5] Alternaria tenuissima[6] and Fusarium[7][8] as well improve root tolerance to salt stress.[9] They are considered a growth-promoting rhizobacteria and have the ability to quickly colonize roots.[10]

Certain strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been found to be capable of producing a biofilm on plant roots. This enables enhanced nutrient exchange, fostering a stable environment for long-term colonization.[11] Isolates of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been found to have a strong biocontrol potential. This allows for plant growth while suppressing disease.[12] In addition, many Bacillus strains, including B. amyloliquefaciens, have been shown to produce many lipopeptide compounds, such as surfactins, iturin, and fengycins, which will change composition depending on the cultural medium and temperature.[13] These compounds have been shown to inhibit certain pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum. Beyond direct pathogen inhibition, lipopeptides have also been shown to activate immune responses within a plant. Recent studies have shown that surfactins and fengycins function as key signaling molecules in the induced systemic resistance process. In bean and tomato plants, these two lipopeptides provide defense protection that is often triggered by live Bacillus cells.[14]

Discovery and name

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was first isolated from the soil 1943 by the Japanese scientist Juichiro Fukumoto,[15][16] who gave the bacterium its name because it produced (faciens) a liquifying (lique) amylase (amylo).

Uses

Agriculture

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is considered a root-colonizing biocontrol bacterium, and is used to fight some plant root pathogens in agriculture, aquaculture, and hydroponics. It has been shown to provide benefits to plants in both soil and hydroponic applications. It takes action against bacterial[17] and fungi pathogens, and may prevent infection though competitive exclusion or out-competing the unwanted pathogen.[2] It has been shown to be effective against several root pathogens that hurt agricultural yields in soil and hydroponics, such as Ralstonia and Pythium in cannabis and tomato crops,[4][2][3][18] Rhizoctonia solani in lettuce,[5] Alternaria tenuissima in English ivy[6] and Fusarium in bananas and cucumbers.[7][8] It also appears to improve root tolerance against saline stress, allowing plants such as corn to tolerate high salt concentrations in hydroponic applications, while also reducing salt concentrations in the plant tissue.[9]

B. amyloliquefaciens currently under investigation as a potential probiotic in fish farming.[19] The species has anti nocardial properties.

Status as a species

Between the 1940s and the 1980s, bacteriologists debated as to whether or not B. amyloliquefaciens was a separate species or a subspecies of Bacillus subtilis. The matter was settled in 1987; it was established to be a separate species.[20]

In the American Type Culture Collection, the number for B. amyloliquefaciens is 23350.[21]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, the producer of the ultranarrow-spectrum antibiotic plantazolicin, was reclassified in 2015 as B. velezensis NRRL B-41580T (along with B. methylotrophicus KACC 13015 T and B. oryzicola KACC 18228) based on phenotype and genotype data.[22]

References

  1. ↑ Molohon, KJ; Melby, JO; Lee, J; Evans, BS; Dunbar, KL; Bumpus, SB; Kelleher, NL; Mitchell, DA (2011). "Structure Determination and Interception of Biosynthetic Intermediates for the Plantazolicin Class of Highly Discriminating Antibiotics". ACS Chem. Biol. 6 (12): 1307–1313. doi:10.1021/cb200339d. PMID 21950656. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Tan, Shiyong; Gu, Yian; Yang, Chunlan; Dong, Yue; Mei, Xinlan; Shen, Qirong; Xu, Yangchun (2015-11-21). "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T-5 may prevent Ralstonia solanacearum infection through competitive exclusion" (in en). Biology and Fertility of Soils 52 (3): 341–351. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1079-z. ISSN 0178-2762. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Huang, Jianfeng; Wei, Zhong; Tan, Shiyong; Mei, Xinlan; Shen, Qirong; Xu, Yangchun (2014-11-05). "Suppression of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato by Bioorganic Fertilizer Made from the Antibacterial Compound Producing Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HR62". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 (44): 10708–10716. doi:10.1021/jf503136a. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 25322261. Bibcode: 2014JAFC...6210708H. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zouari, Imen; Jlaiel, Lobna; Tounsi, Slim; Trigui, Mohamed (2016-09-01). "Biocontrol activity of the endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CEIZ-11 against Pythium aphanidermatum and purification of its bioactive compounds". Biological Control 100: 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.05.012. Bibcode: 2016BiolC.100...54Z. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Grube, Martin; Schloter, Michael; Smalla, Kornelia; Berg, Gabriele (2015-01-22) (in en). The plant microbiome and its importance for plant and human health. Frontiers E-books. pp. 117–124. ISBN 9782889193783. https://books.google.com/books?id=NtlpBgAAQBAJ&q=Pythium%2520Bacillus%2520amyloliquefaciens&pg=PA117. Retrieved 2023-03-05. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Soares, Marcos Antônio; Li, Hai-Yan; Bergen, Marshall; Silva, Joaquim Manoel da; Kowalski, Kurt P.; White, James Francis (2015-08-22). "Functional role of an endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in enhancing growth and disease protection of invasive English ivy (Hedera helix L.)" (in en). Plant and Soil 405 (1–2): 107–123. doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2638-7. ISSN 0032-079X. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shen, Zongzhuan; Wang, Beibei; Lv, Nana; Sun, Yifei; Jiang, Xinyi; Li, Rong; Ruan, Yunze; Shen, Qirong (2015-06-03). "Effect of the combination of bio-organic fertiliser with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 on the control of banana Fusarium wilt disease, crop production and banana rhizosphere culturable microflora". Biocontrol Science and Technology 25 (6): 716–731. doi:10.1080/09583157.2015.1010482. ISSN 0958-3157. Bibcode: 2015BioST..25..716S. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Liu, Yunpeng; Zhang, Nan; Qiu, Meihua; Feng, Haichao; Vivanco, Jorge M.; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2014-04-01). "Enhanced rhizosphere colonization of beneficial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 by pathogen infection" (in en). FEMS Microbiology Letters 353 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1111/1574-6968.12406. ISSN 1574-6968. PMID 24612247. Bibcode: 2014FEMML.353...49L. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chen, Lin; Liu, Yunpeng; Wu, Gengwei; Veronican Njeri, Kimani; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Nan; Zhang, Ruifu (2016-09-01). "Induced maize salt tolerance by rhizosphere inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9" (in en). Physiologia Plantarum 158 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1111/ppl.12441. ISSN 1399-3054. PMID 26932244. Bibcode: 2016PPlan.158...34C. 
  10. ↑ Qiu, Meihua; Xu, Zhihui; Li, Xingxing; Li, Qing; Zhang, Nan; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2014-12-05). "Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 Revealed the Key Proteins Involved in in Situ Root Colonization". Journal of Proteome Research 13 (12): 5581–5591. doi:10.1021/pr500565m. ISSN 1535-3893. PMID 25299960. 
  11. ↑ Ajijah, N., Fiodor, A., Pandey, A. K., Rana, A., & Pranaw, K. (2023). Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) with Biofilm-Forming Ability: A Multifaceted Agent for Sustainable Agriculture. Diversity, 15(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010112
  12. ↑ Li, B., He, X., Guo, S., Li, D., Wang, Y., Meng, X., Dai, P., Hu, T., Cao, K., & Wang, S. (2024). Characterization of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BA-4 and its biocontrol potential against Fusarium-related apple replant disease. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1370440
  13. ↑ Chen, M. C., Wang, J. P., Zhu, Y. J., Liu, B., Yang, W. J., & Ruan, C. Q. (2019). Antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum of the lipopeptides secreted from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FJAT-2349. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 126(5), 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14213
  14. ↑ Ongena, M., Jourdan, E., Adam, A., Paquot, M., Brans, A., Joris, B., Arpigny, J.-L., & Thonart, P. (2007). Surfactin and fengycin lipopeptides of Bacillus subtilis as elicitors of induced systemic resistance in plants. Environmental Microbiology, 9(4), 1084–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01202.x
  15. ↑ J. Fukumoto (1943). "Studies on the production of bacterial amylase. I. Isolation of bacteria secreting potent amylases and their distribution" (in ja). Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan 19 (7): 487–503. doi:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.19.7_487. 
  16. ↑ Ngalimat, Mohamad Syazwan; Yahaya, Radin Shafierul Radin; Baharudin, Mohamad Malik Al-Adil; Yaminudin, Syafiqah Mohd; Karim, Murni; Ahmad, Siti Aqlima; Sabri, Suriana (2021-03-17). "A Review on the Biotechnological Applications of the Operational Group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens". Microorganisms 9 (3): 614. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030614. ISSN 2076-2607. PMID 33802666. Bibcode: 2021Miorg...9..614N. 
  17. ↑ Wu, Liming; Wu, Huijun; Chen, Lina; Lin, Ling; Borriss, Rainer; Gao, Xuewen (2014-12-04). "Bacilysin overproduction in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 markerless derivative strains FZBREP and FZBSPA enhances antibacterial activity" (in en). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 99 (10): 4255–4263. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6251-0. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 25472439. 
  18. ↑ Tan, Shiyong; Jiang, Yi; Song, Song; Huang, Jianfeng; Ling, Ning; Xu, Yangchun; Shen, Qirong (2013-01-01). "Two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains isolated using the competitive tomato root enrichment method and their effects on suppressing Ralstonia solanacearum and promoting tomato plant growth". Crop Protection 43: 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.08.003. Bibcode: 2013CrPro..43..134T. 
  19. ↑ Xu, Shiwei; Chen, Qi; Liu, Anna; Chen, Shu; Chen, Wanyi; Qian, Shixin; Wang, Lei; Chen, Yihong (2025-08-26). "Study on the Nocardia seriolae Antagonistic Bacterium in the Gut Microbiota of Micropterus salmoides" (in en). Biology 14 (9): 1128. doi:10.3390/biology14091128. ISSN 2079-7737. PMID 41007275. 
  20. ↑ *F. G. Priest; M. Goodfellow; L. A. Shute; R. C. W. Berkeley (1987). "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. nov., nom. rev.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 37 (1): 69–71. doi:10.1099/00207713-37-1-69. 
  21. ↑ "StrainInfo". https://straininfo.dsmz.de/strain/1093. 
  22. ↑ "Bacillus velezensis is not a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp plantarum and 'Bacillus oryzicola' are later heterotypic synonyms of Bacillus velezensis based on phylogenomics". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66 (3): 1212–1217. 2015. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000858. PMID 26702995. 

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