Biology:Bellicidia
Bellicidia is a fungal genus in the family Ramalinaceae.[1][2] It comprises the single species Bellicidia incompta, a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen.
Taxonomy
Bellicidia incompta was first formally described as a new species in 1834 by the English botanist William Borrer, who classified it in the genus Lecidea.[3] Martino Anzi transferred the taxon to the genus Bacidia in 1860,[4] and it was largely known as Bacidia incompta in its taxonomic history, although several other authors in the 1800s were reluctant to consider it a unique species, and thought it was more appropriately classed as a subspecies, variety or form of other species.[3]
The name Lecidea subincompta, previously considered a separate species, was determined to be a synonym of B. incompta based on examination of type material.[5]
Bellicidia was segregated from the genus Bacidia based on molecular phylogenetics analysis, which showed that Bacidia incompta occupied a distinct evolutionary lineage that had a sister relationship to the rest of the Toninia clade within the Ramalinaceae. The generic name combines the Latin word bellus meaning "pretty" with the ending -cidia from its former placement in Bacidia. This was meant to balance the somewhat disparaging specific epithet incompta which means "plain" or "unadorned".[6]
Description
Bellicidia has a coarsely [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], grey-green to grass-green or brown-green crustose thallus without a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. The upper [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] consists of a "false cortex" ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and lacks a lower cortex. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is a unicellular green alga.[6]
The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (fruiting bodies) of Bellicidia are black, mostly flat but sometimes becoming convex, with a distinct shiny margin and often irregular shape. Both the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] contain a dark red-brown pigment that turns purplish in potassium hydroxide solution (K+ purplish). The hymenium is colourless or has a faint red-brown pigment below, with young asci often surrounded by a gelatinous cap containing red-brown pigment.[6]
The asci are club-shaped ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) and contain eight spores. These [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (rod-shaped), straight or slightly curved, 15–30 μm long and 1.5–2 μm wide, with 1–5 (usually 3) thin septa (internal partitions). This combination of bacilliform ascospores and distinctive red-brown pigmentation helps distinguish Bellicidia from other genera in the Toninia group.[6][5]
The pycnidia (structures that produce asexual spores) are black, more or less [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in the thallus, up to about 0.2 mm wide, with dark red-brown walls that react purplish with K. The conidia (asexual spores) are more or less ellipsoid, 5–9 μm long and 2–2.5 μm wide, non-septate or sometimes with a single septum.[6]
Habitat and distribution
Bellicidia incompta grows on bark in humid temperate forests.[5] It prefers basic (pH) bark, particularly Ulmus (elm), although it has been recorded on trees from several genera, including Acer (maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Carpinus (hormbeam), Fraxinus (ash), Fagus (beech), and Ilex (holly). The lichen is widely distributed, having been recorded in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, and Macaronesia. Records from North America are considered dubious.[7]
References
- ↑ "Bellicidia". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62GFV.
- ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453 [152]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Bellicidia incompta (Borrer) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman, Taxon 67(5): 891 (2018)". Species Fungorum. https://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=824446.
- ↑ Anzi, M. (1860) (in la). Catalogus lichenum quos in provincia sondriensi et circa Novum-Comum collegit et in ordinem systematicum digessit. C. Franchi. p. 76. https://archive.org/details/cataloguslichenu0000mart/page/70/mode/2up.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Gerasimova, Julia V.; Urbanavichene, Irina N.; Urbanavichus, Gennady P.; Beck, Andreas (2021). "Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of Toniniopsis subincompta s. lat. (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales) in Eurasia". The Lichenologist 53 (2): 171–183. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000013.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon 67 (5): 871–904. doi:10.12705/675.1.
- ↑ Coppins, B.J.; Aptroot, A. (2009). "Bacidia De Not. (1846)". The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland (2nd ed.). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-9540418-8-5.
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