Biology:Bismarck monarch
| Bismarck monarch | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Monarchidae |
| Genus: | Symposiachrus |
| Species: | S. verticalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Symposiachrus verticalis (P. L. Sclater, 1877)
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Symposiachrus verticalis verticalis
Symposiachrus verticalis ateralbus
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| Synonyms | |
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The Bismarck monarch (Symposiachrus verticalis), formerly known as the black-tailed monarch, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics
This species was originally placed in the genus Monarcha until moved to Symposiachrus in 2009.[3][4]
Two subspecies are recognized-
- Black-tailed monarch, Symposiachrus verticalis verticalis Sclater, 1877- Bismarck Archipelago
- Djaul monarch, Symposiachrus verticalis ateralbus Salomonsen, 1964- Djaul Island
The Djaul monarch was earlier considered a full species but is now considered a subspecies based on plumage, vocal and genetic evidence.[5][6]
Description
This species is a pied bird with a white face and black throat. The male has a black crown with a band of white and a black tail and upperparts. The legs are dark grey or blackish and the bill is grey in colour.[7]
The male and female are similar, except that the female has a grey back and rump. The juvenile has a pale grey forehead and face.[7]
The subspecies ateralbus is larger than the nominate and has extensive white on the outer tail feathers.[7]
Voice
The song is a descending series of thin fine whistles.[7]
Breeding
It usually breeds from August to January. The nest is cup-shaped, made of plant fibers and lichens and joined together with spider webs placed at a height of 1.5 meters. The clutch is usually 2 eggs, which are pale pinkish with black spots and are approximately 24 x 17 millimeters.[7]
Habitats and habits
It is usually found in semi-evergreen forests and bamboo thickets at an elevation of 1300 meters.[7]
It is usually solitary and sometimes occurs in mixed-species flocks in pursuit of its insect prey.[7]
References
- ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Symposiachrus verticalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103714482A132191276.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103714482/132191276. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ↑ Clement, Peter; del Hoyo, Josep; Christie, David; Collar, Nigel (2020). "Bismarck Monarch (Symposiachrus verticalis), version 1.0" (in en). Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.bltmon1.01. ISSN 2771-3105. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/bltmon1/cur/introduction.
- ↑ "IOC Bird List v2.0". 2009. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/Master_IOC_list_v2.0.xls.
- ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (August 2024). "Monarchs". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/monarchs/.
- ↑ Andersen, Michael J.; Hosner, Peter A.; Filardi, Christopher E.; Moyle, Robert G. (2015). "Phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major Australo-Pacific radiation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 118–136. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.010. ISSN 1055-7903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.010.
- ↑ "Home" (in en-US). http://www.avilist.org/.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Handbook of the birds of the world. Internet Archive. Barcelona : Lynx Edicions. 1992. ISBN 978-84-87334-10-8. http://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0011unse.
Template:Monarchidae Wikidata ☰ Q1923310 entry
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