Biology:Bromus lithobius
| Bromus lithobius | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | Bromus |
| Species: | B. lithobius
|
| Binomial name | |
| Bromus lithobius Trin.
| |
Bromus lithobius is a species of brome grass known by the common name Chilean brome in English.[1][2] It is native to Chile and Argentina, but is introduced in Australia and New Zealand.[2]
It is one of several species in the Bromus catharticus complex within the Bromus section Ceratochloa, all of which are hexaploids with the chromosome count 2n=42.[3][4]
Description
Bromus lithobius is a short, tufted pasture grass with spreading culms. Its culms bare an open panicle inflorescence, 10-20 cm long. Its spikelets are 2-3.5 cm long, with five to seven flowers. Its lemmas are pubescent and usually purple-suffused. The lemmas have a 4-6 mm awn.[2]
Bromus lithobius is part of Bromus section Ceratochloa, which are separated from other Bromus sections by their strongly keeled (folded, like the keel of a boat)[5] lemmas, which make the spikelets laterally-compressed.[6]
It can be separated from other members of the section Ceratochloa by the longer awns and distinctly pubescent hairs on its lemmas.
- From Bromus catharticus, B. lithobius has a more compact seed-head with upright or spreading branches. It has pubescent hairs, rather than being glabrous or scabrid.
- From B. cebadilla, B. lithobius has a longer lower glume (6-7.5mm rather than 4-4.5mm), is hairier, and is evenly green rather than green and yellow.[7][8]
Distribution
Bromus lithobius is native to Chile and Argentina, but introduced to New Zealand and Australia.[1][2] In Chile, it is found from the IV to the XI Region, and in Argentina is found in the Andean-Patagonian region, southern Neuquén and northern Río Negro.[9]
In New Zealand, it is found in North Island throughout south of Auckland City; in the South Island it is found in Nelson, Marlborough, and Canterbury.[2]
In Australia, B. lithobius is found in Victoria and Tasmania. It is uncommon in Victoria, with most collections from domestic gardens in the vicinity of Melbourne.[10] In Tasmania it in known only from around Hobart.[11] One specimen listed from New South Wales has more recently been determined as Bromus coloratus.[11]
Habitat
In Chile, B. lithobius grows from sea level up to 1,800 metres above sea level in natural grasslands and roadsides.[9] In Australia and New Zealand, B. lithobius is largely associated with pastoral habitats, lawns, and other exotic-dominated habitats.[2][10] In Manawatu, New Zealand, its habitat is described as "edges of lawns and berms, and in urban waste spaces".[12]
Ecology
Bromus lithobius reproduces with either cleistogamous (selfing) or chasmogamous (out-crossing) wind-pollinated flowers.[2] In Australia it flowers from October-January, and in New Zealand from September-February.[11][13] In New Zealand it goes to seed from September-June.[13]
B. lithobius is a host of the bacterion Xanthomonas bromi Vauterin, which causes wilt on species of Bromus.[14]
On Motukahakaha Island in the Hauraki Gulf, it is described as forming dense swards in black backed gull (Larus dominicanus) colonies.[15]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Bromus lithobius Trin. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" (in en). http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:393836-1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Connor (2000). "Bromus lithobius Trin.". https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/taxa/449969f8-b619-4510-b8b3-29831495b17c.
- ↑ STEBBINS Jr., G. Ledyard (1949). "The Evolutionary Significance of Natural and Artificial Polyploids in the Family Gramineae" (in en). Hereditas 35 (S1): 461–485. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1949.tb03355.x. ISSN 1601-5223. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1949.tb03355.x.
- ↑ Klos, Joanna; Sliwinska, Elwira; Kula, Adam; Golczyk, Hieronim; Grabowska-Joachimiak, Aleksandra; Ilnicki, Tomasz; Szostek, Krzysztof; Stewart, Alan et al. (2009). "Karyotype and nuclear DNA content of hexa-, octo-, and duodecaploid lines of Bromus subgen. Ceratochloa" (in en). Genetics and Molecular Biology 32: 528–537. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000046. ISSN 1415-4757. PMC 3036049. https://www.scielo.br/j/gmb/a/MKxqTc7xCrvRJ5NNs4HVfvK/?lang=en.
- ↑ "A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin". https://www.mobot.org/mobot/latindict/keyDetail.aspx?keyWord=keeled.
- ↑ "Bromus - FNA". https://floranorthamerica.org/Bromus.
- ↑ "Bromus catharticus". https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/bromus_catharticus.htm.
- ↑ "Bromus L. - Flora of New Zealand Series" (in en). https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/taxa/41d7958c-bbb7-4267-b2ec-1a6331759d60.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Matthei, Oscar (1961). "The Genus Bromus L. (Poaceae) in Chile.". Gayana 43: 94. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28751833.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "VicFlora: Bromus lithobius". https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bdd28a48-4cf7-4c12-b78a-64e60711294c.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Atlas of Living Australia. "Profile" (in en). https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Bromus%20lithobius.
- ↑ Duguid, Prances C. (1990). "Botany of northern Horowhenua lowlands, North Island, New Zealand" (in en). New Zealand Journal of Botany 28 (4): 381–437. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1990.10412326. ISSN 1175-8643. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1990.10412326.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Chilean Brome (Bromus lithobius)" (in en). https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/410278-Bromus-lithobius.
- ↑ "National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Catalogue". https://ncppb.fera.co.uk/furtherinfo.cfm?NCPPB_no=4343.
- ↑ De Lange, Peter (1995). "Additions and comments on the flora and fauna of Motukahakaha Island Hauraki Gulf Auckland". https://bts.nzpcn.org.nz/site/assets/files/20266/auck_1995_50_1_22-26.pdf.
Wikidata ☰ Q15510701 entry
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