Biology:Cellulosic sugars
Cellulosic sugars are derived from non-food biomass (e.g. wood, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste).[1] The biomass is primarily composed of carbohydrate polymers cellulose, hemicellulose, and an aromatic polymer (lignin). The hemicellulose is a polymer of mainly five-carbon sugars C5H10O5 (xylose).[2] and the cellulose is a polymer of six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 (glucose).[3] Cellulose fibers are considered to be a plant’s structural building blocks and are tightly bound to lignin, but the biomass can be deconstructed using Acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, organosolv dissolution, autohydrolysis or supercritical hydrolysis. A more recent mechanical method offers hope that at last, a more economic and waste free method has been found although it is still to scale and is not yet commercial. Biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignocellulose) contain vast amounts of fermentable sugars. These sugars may be produced from a wide variety of feedstocks and can be converted into a multitude of biochemical, biofuel, and polymer products by either biological, mechanical [4] or chemical routes.[5]
Industrial use
In January 2012, BASF invested in Pennsylvania-based Renmatix to produce low-cost, large volume quantities of industrial sugar from lignocellulosic biomass (wood, cane bagasse or straw). Renmatix is currently the only commercial player utilizing supercritical hydrolysis as a route to cellulosic sugar production.[6]
Renmatix is working with multiple partners on development of commercial scale facilities with the capability to produce more than 100,000 tons of cellulosic sugars annually.[7] The company has a world-class technical center in Pennsylvania and production operations at the Integrated Plantrose Complex (IPC) in Kennesaw, Georgia and the Feedstock Processing Facility (FPF) in Rome, New York.[8]
In June 2013, Renmatix also entered a joint development agreement (JDA) with UPM, a Finnish pulp, paper and timber manufacturer, to convert woody biomass into low-cost sugar intermediates for subsequent downstream processing into biochemicals.[9]
In December 2013, Renmatix and Virent announced a strategic collaboration to convert affordable cellulosic sugars to renewable chemicals and bio-based packaging materials.[10]
In March 2015, French Energy Group, Total S.A. entered a joint development agreement (JDA) with Renmatix to use the Plantrose technology to extract second-generation sugars from biomass and develop sustainable and profitable biomolecules for products of interest.[11]
Biotechnology Penetration in the Chemical Industry[needs update]
| Year | Value | Penetration |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 (actual) | $67 billion | 5.3% |
| 2005 (actual) | $98 billion | 6.7% |
| 2010 (forecast) | $159 billion | 9.6% |
| 2025 (projection) | $1000 billion | 33% |
World Biobased Market Penetration 2010-2025
| Chemical Sector | 2010 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|
| Commodity Chemicals | 1-2% | 6-10% |
| Specialty Chemicals | 20-25% | 45-50% |
| Fine Chemicals | 20-25% | 45-50% |
| Polymers | 5-10% | 10-20% |
In the first quarter of 2013, American Process Inc. announced the start-up of cellulosic sugar production using their patented AVAP® technology at their demonstration plant in Thomaston, GA.[14] The AVAP process uses ethanol and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to fractionate biomass into its pure components: cellulose, hemicellulose sugars and lignin.[15][16] In early 2013 GranBio, a Brazilian pioneer in biofuels and biochemicals, completed the acquisition of an equity investment in API.[citation needed] Since that time, API has fermented both five-carbon and six-carbon sugars into high value bio-chemicals and biofuels in partnership with fermentation companies throughout the world.
Applications
Cellulosic sugars are used as renewable resources for biochemical and biofuels industries and can be used to produce intermediates by fermentative processes. The availability of industrial sugars from renewable resources, in sufficient quantities and at a favorable cost enables the products to be cost-competitive to fossil fuel based products.[17]
A 2012 study by Nexant estimates that in the future, it will be possible and potentially economically viable to produce any type of sugar-based chemical product from biomass due to developments in cellulosic processing.[18]
References
- ↑ “Cellulosic Sugars: Unlocking Biomass’ Potential”, Nexant, (2012), p.1-2
- ↑ Xylose, Material Measurement Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (2011)
- ↑ Glucose, Material Measurement Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (2011)
- ↑ (https://bluebiofuels.com/)
- ↑ Renmatix Facilities, Retrieved 23 June 2015]
- ↑ “Cellulosic Biofuels Industry Progress Report ”, Advanced Ethanol Council, (2012-2013)
- ↑ “BASF invests in Renmatix ”, ICIS Green Chemicals, (2012)]
- ↑ “ICIS Innovation Award Winners, Renmatix and Virent, Announce Collaboration On Bio-based Packaging ”, Retrieved 23 June 2015
- ↑ “U.S. Biobased Products, Market Potential and Projections Through 2025”, United States Department of Agriculture, P.15, (2008)
- ↑ “McKinsey & Company Releases New Data About Growth in Industrial Biotech Sector at World Congress” Retrieved 23 June 2015
- ↑ Third Annual World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocessing, Toronto, ON, July 11–14, 2006 Retrieved 23 June 2015
- ↑ “McKinsey & Company Releases New Data About Growth in Industrial Biotech Sector at World Congress” Retrieved 30 July 2015
- ↑ “U.S. Biobased Products, Market Potential and Projections Through 2025”, United States Department of Agriculture, P.15, (2008)
- ↑ "American Process: Biofuels Digest’s 2014 5-Minute Guide : Biofuels Digest" (in af). 2014-02-26. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2014/02/26/american-process-biofuels-digests-2014-5-minute-guide/.
- ↑ Iakovlev M. SO2-Ethanol-Water Fractionation of Lignocellulosics. Doctoral Thesis, Aalto University, Finland, 2011. [1]
- ↑ Retsina T., Pylkkanen V. US 8030039 B1, Method for the production of fermentable sugars and cellulose from lignocellulosic material
- ↑ Renmatix Facilities, Retrieved 23 June 2015]
- ↑ “Cellulosic Biofuels Industry Progress Report ”, Advanced Ethanol Council, (2012-2013)
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