Biology:Guenon

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The guenons (UK: /ɡəˈnɒnz/, US: /ˈɡwɛn.ənz/) are Old World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus (/ˌsɜːrkəˈpɪθəkəs/). Not all members of this genus have the word "guenon" in their common names — blue monkeys, De Brazza's monkeys, and Diana monkeys are all guenons.

Members of the genus are endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, and most are forest monkeys. Many of the species are quite local in their ranges, and some have even more local subspecies. Many are threatened or endangered because of habitat loss.

Guenons are sexually dimorphic, with males nearly twice the size of females. Most animals live in one-male groups, though males may live alone or spread out in bachelor groups.[1]

Classification

The genus name Cercopithecus comes from Ancient Greek κέρκος (kérkos), meaning "tail", and πίθηκος (píthēkos), meaning "ape". It was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

Because of changes in scientific classification, some monkeys previously included in this genus are no longer. Vervet monkeys and green monkeys, for example, were formerly considered as a single species in this genus (Cercopithecus aethiops) but are currently in the genus Chlorocebus.

In the English language, the word "guenon" is apparently of French origin.[2] In French, guenon was the common name for all species and individuals, both males and females, from the genus Cercopithecus. In all other monkey and apes species, the French word guenon designates only the females.[3] The three species such as the L'hoest's monkey, Preuss's monkey and the sun-tailed monkey were formerly included in the genus and now listed in a different genus Allochrocebus[4][5][6]

Species list

Genus Cercopithecus – Linnaeus, 1758 – nineteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Blue monkey

Gray monkey

C. mitis
Wolf, 1822

Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 31–70 cm (12–28 in) long, plus 55–109 cm (22–43 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Campbell's mona monkey

ray monkeys

C. campbelli
Waterhouse, 1838 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 49–85 cm (19–33 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[11]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and grains, as well as birds, bird eggs, small reptiles, and insects[10] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Crested mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

C. pogonias
Bennett, 1833

Three subspecies
  • C. p. grayi (Gray's crested mona)
  • C. p. nigripes (Black-footed crested mona)
  • C. p. pogonias (Golden-bellied crested mona)
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 48–87 cm (19–34 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[13]

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as leaves, flowers and insects[13] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[13]

De Brazza's monkey

Gray monkey

C. neglectus
Schlegel, 1876 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 47–79 cm (19–31 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[15]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, mushrooms, beetles, termites, and worms[16] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[15]

Dent's mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

C. denti
Thomas, 1907 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 70–90 cm (28–35 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Fruit and arthropods, as well as flowers, caterpillars, shoots, and leaves[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Diana monkey

Gray monkey

C. diana
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–55 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Fruit, flowers, leaves, insects, and other invertebrates[19] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[20]

Greater spot-nosed monkey

Gray monkey

C. nictitans
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Five subspecies
  • C. n. insolitus
  • C. n. ludio
  • C. n. martini
  • C. n. nictitans
  • C. n. stampflii
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 56–100 cm (22–39 in) tail[21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves and insects[23] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[22]

Hamlyn's monkey

Gray monkey

C. hamlyni
Pocock, 1907

Two subspecies
  • C. h. hamlyni
  • C. h. kahuziensis
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 43–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 49–63 cm (19–25 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Shoots, leaves, plants, and herbs, as well as fruit and seeds[26] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Lesser spot-nosed monkey

Gray monkey

C. petaurista
(Schreber, 1774)

Two subspecies
  • C. p. buettikoferi
  • C. p. petaurista
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 29–53 cm (11–21 in) long, plus 57–78 cm (22–31 in) tail[27]

Habitat: Forest[28]

Diet: Fruit as well as insects[27] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Lesula

Gray and yellow monkey

C. lomamiensis
Hart et al., 2012 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–65 cm (16–26 in) long, plus 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Leaves, fruits and flowers[31] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Lowe's mona monkey

Gray monkey

C. lowei
Thomas, 1923 		Western Africa (in green)
Map of range 		Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 54–85 cm (21–33 in) tail[32]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[33]

Diet: Fruit and insects[32] 		 VU 


10,000 Population declining[33]

Mona monkey

Brown and white monkey

C. mona
(Schreber, 1774) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 32–53 cm (13–21 in) long, plus 67–90 cm (26–35 in) tail[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit, sprouts, leaves, and invertebrates[34] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Moustached guenon

Brown monkey

C. cephus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. cephodes
  • C. c. cephus
  • C. c. ngottoensis
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 66–99 cm (26–39 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, leaves, insects, and eggs[38] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[37]

Red-eared guenon

Gray monkey

C. erythrotis
Waterhouse, 1838

Two subspecies
  • C. e. camerunensis (Cameroon Red-eared Monkey)
  • C. e. erythrotis (Bioko Red-eared Monkey)
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 46–77 cm (18–30 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest[40]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots and arthropods[40] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[40]

Red-tailed monkey

Gray monkey

C. ascanius
(Audebert, 1799)

Five subspecies
  • C. a. ascanius
  • C. a. atrinasus
  • C. a. katangae
  • C. a. schmidti
  • C. a. whitesidei
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 67–92 cm (26–36 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest[42]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, flowers, buds, and tree gum[43] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[42]

Roloway monkey

Gray monkey

C. roloway
(Schreber, 1774) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 70–91 cm (28–36 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Insects, as well as seeds, fruit, and leaves[44] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[45]

Sclater's guenon

Gray monkey

C. sclateri
Pocock, 1904 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 61–85 cm (24–33 in) tail[46]

Habitat: Forest[47]

Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, flowers and leaves[48] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[47]

White-throated guenon

Gray and brown monkey

C. erythrogaster
Gray, 1866

Two subspecies
  • C. e. erythrogaster (Red-bellied guenon)
  • C. e. pococki (Nigerian white-throated guenon)
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 38–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 58–70 cm (23–28 in) tail[27]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[49]

Diet: Fruit[49] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[49]

Wolf's mona monkey

Gray and brown monkey

C. wolfi
Meyer, 1891

Three subspecies
  • C. w. elegans
  • C. w. pyrogaster
  • C. w. wolfi
Central Africa Size: 44–52 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 69–83 cm (27–33 in) tail[50]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, and flowers[50] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[51]

Hybrids

The red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) is known to hybridize with the blue monkey (C. mitis) in several locations in the wild in Africa.[52]

References

  1. ↑ Rowell, T. E. (March 1988). "Beyond the One-Male Group". Behaviour 104 (3/4): 189-201. 
  2. ↑ guenon /gəˈnoʊn/ n. M19. [Fr., of uncertain origin.] (The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Vol. 1 A-M, 1993 edition, see page 1,157)
  3. ↑ guenon [gənɔ̃] n. f. - 1505; o. i.; p.-ê même rad. que guenille 1. vx Cercopithèque, mâle ou femelle. 2. MOD. Singe femelle. [...] (Le Petit Robert, grand format, Dictionnaires Le Robert, Paris, first edition: 1967, Nouveau Petit Robert edition: 1993, grand format edition: 1996, ISBN 2-85036-469-X, see page 1,056)
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named msw3
  5. ↑ "Allochrocebus". ITIS. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt. 
  6. ↑ "Allochrocebus". Mammal Diversity Database. https://mammaldiversity.org/#YWxsb2Nocm9jZWJ1cysmZ2xvYmFsX3NlYXJjaD10cnVlJmxvb3NlPXRydWU. 
  7. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 175
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A. (2019). "Cercopithecus mitis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4221A196007901.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4221/196007901. 
  9. ↑ Strawder, Nicole (2001). "Cercopithecus mitis". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_mitis/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Leinberger, Kaitlynn (2022). "Cercopithecus campbelli". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_campbelli/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Koné, I. (2020). "Cercopithecus campbelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136930A92374066.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136930/92374066. 
  12. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 168
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Maisels, F.; Cronin, D. T.; Hart, J.; Etiendem, D.; Oates, J. F.; Butynski, T. M.; Linder, J. (2020). "Cercopithecus pogonias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T92411527A197301301.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/92411527/197301301. 
  14. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 161
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Mwenja, I.; Maisels, F.; Hart, J. A. (2019). "Cercopithecus neglectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4223A17947167.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4223/17947167. 
  16. ↑ Stein, Joshua (2002). "Cercopithecus neglectus". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_neglectus/. 
  17. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 166
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Detwiler, K. M.; Hart, J. A.; Hicks, T. C. (2020). "Cercopithecus denti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136885A92413658.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136885/92413658. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kennedy, Karen (2023). "Cercopithecus diana". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_diana/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Koné, I.; McGraw, S.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Oates, J. F. (2019). "Cercopithecus diana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4245A92384250.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4245/92384250. 
  21. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 174
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Cronin, D. T.; Maisels, F.; Gadsby, E. L.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Ikemeh, R.; Imong, I. (2020). "Cercopithecus nictitans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4224A222904443.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4224/222904443. 
  23. ↑ Neinast, Alexandra (2012). "Cercopithecus nictitans". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_nictitans/. 
  24. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 170
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hart, J.; Maisels, F. (2020). "Cercopithecus hamlyni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4219A166615690.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4219/166615690. 
  26. ↑ Bharti, Nita (2000). "Cercopithecus hamlyni". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_hamlyni/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Kingdon 2015, p. 179
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Segniagbeto, G.; Wiafe, E.; Osei, D.; Koné, I.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Oates, J. F. (2020). "Cercopithecus petaurista". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4225A17945536.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4225/17945536. 
  29. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 171
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Detwiler, K. M.; Hart, J. A. (2020). "Cercopithecus lomamiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T92401376A92401776.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/92401376/92401776. 
  31. ↑ Antosh, Bonnie (2013). "Cercopithecus lomamiensis". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_lomamiensis/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kingdon 2015, p. 165
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Wiafe, E.; Oates, J. F.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Koné, I.; Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Osei, D. (2019). "Cercopithecus lowei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136931A92373680.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136931/92373680. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Liu, Sonia (2000). "Cercopithecus mona". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_mona/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Segniagbeto, G.; Nobimè, G.; Imong, I. (2020). "Cercopithecus mona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4222A17946672.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4222/17946672. 
  36. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 181
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Abernethy, K.; Maisels, F. (2020). "Cercopithecus cephus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4214A166614362.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4214/166614362. 
  38. ↑ Miretti, Juan (2006). "Cercopithecus cephus". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_cephus/. 
  39. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 182
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Hofner, A.; Cronin, D. T.; Imong, I.; Gadsby, E. L.; Ndeloh, D. (2020). "Cercopithecus erythrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4218A17946043.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4218/17946043. 
  41. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 183
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M. (2019). "Cercopithecus ascanius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T4212A17947340.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4212/17947340. 
  43. ↑ Davis, Sarah (2002). "Cercopithecus ascanius". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_ascanius/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Johnson, Kelsey (2015). "Cercopithecus roloway". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_roloway/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Koné, I.; Oates, J. F.; Dempsey, A.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; McGraw, S.; Wiafe, E. (2019). "Cercopithecus roloway". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T4232A92384429.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4232/92384429. 
  46. ↑ Kingdon 2015, p. 180
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Baker, L.; Oates, J. F.; Ikemeh, R.; Gadsby, E. (2019). "Cercopithecus sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T4229A17945814.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4229/17945814. 
  48. ↑ Law, Jason (2004). "Cercopithecus sclateri". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_sclateri/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Oates, J. F.; Nobimè, G.; Segniagbeto, G. H.; Ikemeh, R.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2020). "Cercopithecus erythrogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T4217A17946182.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4217/17946182. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Platter, Branden (2008). "Cercopithecus wolfi". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cercopithecus_wolfi/. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Hart, J. A.; Detwiler, K. M.; Maisels, F. (2020). "Cercopithecus wolfi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T92466239A166601223.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/92466239/166601223. 
  52. ↑ Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. pp. 139, 143, 154, 185, 223. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7. https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe. 

Sources

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