Biology:Colubridae
| Colubridae | |
|---|---|
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| Colubridae species | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Superfamily: | Colubroidea |
| Family: | Colubridae Oppel, 1811 |
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera,[2] it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected.[1] Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.[3]
Description
A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes, the vast majority of colubrids are not venomous, nor do most colubrids produce venom that is medically-significant to mammals. However, the bites of a few groups (such as Boiga sp.) can escalate quickly to emergency situations; furthermore, within the Colubridae, the South African boomslang and twig snakes, as well as the Asian keelback snakes (Rhabdophis sp.) have long been notorious as inflicting the worst bites on humans, with the most confirmed fatalities.[3][4][5]
Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous (often simply called "rear-fanged"), meaning they possess shortened, grooved "fangs" located at the back of the upper jaw. It is thought that opisthoglyphy evolved many times throughout the natural history of squamates,[4] and is an evolutionary precursor to the larger frontal-fangs of vipers and elapids.[6][7][8][3][4]
Classification
In the past, the Colubridae were not a natural group, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other.[9] This family was historically used as a "wastebasket taxon"[5] for snakes that do not fit elsewhere.[10] Until recently, colubrids were basically colubroids that were not elapids, viperids, or Atractaspis.[11]
However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a monophyletic clade,[12][13][14][15] although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018, eight subfamilies are recognized.[16]
Current subfamilies
Sibynophiinae – three genera
Natricinae – 36 genera (sometimes given as family Natricidae)
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Pseudoxenodontinae – two genera
Dipsadinae – over 100 genera (sometimes given as family Dipsadidae)
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Grayiinae – one genus
Calamariinae – seven genera
Ahaetuliinae – five genera
Colubrinae – 93 genera
Sub-family currently undetermined
- Elapoidis
- Gongylosoma
- Lycognathophis
- Oreocalamus
- Tetralepis
- †Ameiseophis[18]
- †Dryinoides
- †Hispanophis
- †Floridaophis[19]
- †Micronatrix
- †Miocoluber
- †Mionatrix?
- †Palaeonatrix
- †Paleofarancia
- †Paraoxybelis
- †Paraxenophis
- †Periergophis
- †Pollackophis
- †Pseudocemophora
- †Nebraskophis[18]
- †Texasophis
Former subfamilies
These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.
- Subfamily Aparallactinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae,[14] sometimes combined with Atractaspidinae)
- Subfamily Boiginae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Boodontinae (some of which now treated as subfamily Grayiinae of the new Colubridae, others moved to family Lamprophiidae as part of subfamilies Lamprophiinae, Pseudaspidinae and Pseudoxyrhophiidae, which are now sometimes treated as families)
- Subfamily Dispholidinae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Homalopsinae (now family Homalopsidae)[14]
- Subfamily Lamprophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[14]
- Subfamily Lycodontinae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Lycophidinae (now part of Lamprophiidae)
- Subfamily Pareatinae (now family Pareidae,[14] sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae)[20]
- Subfamily Philothamninae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Psammophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[14]
- Subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[14]
- Subfamily Xenoderminae (now family Xenodermidae,[14] sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae)[20]
- Subfamily Xenodontinae (which many authors put in Dipsadinae/Dipsadidae)
Fossil record
The oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from Thailand and specimens of the genus Nebraskophis from the U.S. state of Georgia, both from the Late Eocene. The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on, despite their presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier.[1] The Pliocene (Blancan) fossil record in the Ringold Formation of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including Elaphe pliocenica, Elaphe vulpina, Lampropeltis getulus, Pituophis catenifer, a Thamnophis species, and the extinct genus Tauntonophis.[21]
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 P Dennis; A J (2003). Nebraskophis HOLMAN from the Late Eocene of Georgia (USA), the oldest known North American colubrid snake. http://archive.org/details/actazoolcrac-v461-01.
- ↑ "Colubrid". Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/animal/colubrid.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.. ed. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bruna Azara, C. (1995). "Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España". Boletín de la S.E.A. 11: 32–40. http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BOLETIN_11/B11-009-032.pdf. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (20 June 2011). "Venomous" bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2010-0-68461-6. ISBN 978-0-12-387732-1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123877321/venomous-bites-from-non-venomous-snakes. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ↑ Jackson, K (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x.
- ↑ Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M. et al. (2008). "Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs". Nature 454 (7204): 630–633. doi:10.1038/nature07178. PMID 18668106. Bibcode: 2008Natur.454..630V. http://people.whitman.edu/~jacksok/nature.pdf. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- ↑ Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Toxicon 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013. PMID 22446061. http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Publications/2012_Toxicofera_Toxicon.pdf. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- ↑ Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2): 581–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016. PMID 16172004. http://naherpetology.org/pdf_files/400.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
- ↑ Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N.; van der Weerd, L.; Kochva, E.; Renjifo, C. (2009). "Evolution and diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Journal of Proteomics 72 (2): 127–136. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009. PMID 19457354.
- ↑ Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. (2004). Herpetology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall. p. 162. ISBN 0138508763.
- ↑ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMID 23627680. Bibcode: 2013BMCEE..13...93P.
- ↑ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE 11 (9): e0161070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMID 27603205. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1161070F.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Pyron_et_al_2011.pdf. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- ↑ Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614. http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Zheng_Wiens_2015b_MPE.pdf. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- ↑ Uetz, Peter. "Colubridae at The Reptile Database". EMBL. http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Colubridae&submit=Search.
- ↑ "Blythia reticulata". https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Blythia&species=reticulata&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Blythia%27%29%29.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Holman, J. Alan (1982-01-01). "New Herpetological Species and Records from the Norden Bridge Fauna (Miocene: Late Barstovian) of Nebraska". Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/491.
- ↑ "Floridaophis auffenbergi" (in en-US). https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/floridaophis-auffenbergi/.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Savage, Jay M. (2015). "What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria?". Herpetological Review 46 (4): 664–665. http://www.zenscientist.com/index.php/pdflibrary2/func-finishdown/2496/. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ↑ Parmley, D.; Walker, D. (2003). "Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton local fauna of Adams County, Washington with the description of a new colubrid". Journal of Herpetology 37 (2): 235–244. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0235:SOTPTL2.0.CO;2].
Bibliography
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- Barbière, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2016). "A new genus of Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of Central Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (5): e1199557. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1199557. Bibcode: 2016JVPal..36E9557B. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305664458.
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- Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012). Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–370. ISBN 9780521194617. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ce0uINITb4C.
- Albino, Adriana M.; Rodrigo, Tomassini; Brizuela, Santiago (2009). "Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)". Ameghiniana 46: 177–187. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234006652.
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External links
- Psammophids at Life Is Short, but Snakes Are Long
Wikidata ☰ Q182751 entry
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