Biology:Cormohipparion

From HandWiki

Cormohipparion (Greek: "noble" (cormo), "pony" (hipparion)[1] is an extinct genus of horse belonging to the tribe Hipparionini that lived in North America and Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Pliocene (Hemphillian to Blancan in the NALMA classification).[2] They grew up to 3 feet (0.91 meters) long.[3][4]

Taxonomy

Skull

The genus Cormohipparion was coined for the extinct hipparionin horse "Equus" occidentale, described by Joseph Leidy in 1856.[5] However it was soon argued that the partial material fell within the range of morphological variation seen in Hipparion, and that the members of Cormohipparion belonged instead within Hipparion.[6][7] This rested on claims that pre-orbital morphology did not have any taxonomic significance, a claim that detailed study of quarry sections later showed to be false.[8] The genus was originally identified by a closed off preorbital fossa, but later examinations of the cheek teeth, specifically the lower cheek teeth, of Cormohipparion specimens found that they were indeed valid and distinct from Hipparion.[9] A reappraisal of many horse genera was thus conducted in 1984,[10] and the proposed synonymy was not acknowledged by later literature.[11] C. ingenuum holds the distinction for being the first prehistoric horse to be described in Florida, as well as being one of the most common species of extinct three-toed horses found to be in Florida, lasting until the early Pliocene.[12][13] Cormohipparion emsliei has the distinction of being the last hipparion horse known from the fossil record.[14]

The genus is considered to represent an ancestor to Hippotherium.[15] Its fossils have been recovered from as far south as Mexico.[16] Fossils have been found in the Great Plains and Rio Grande regions of North America, Mexico, Florida, and Texas, which shows that they were herding animals.[17][18][19][20] Fossils have been unearthed in California,[21] Louisiana,[22][23] Nebraska,[24][25] South Dakota,[26] Honduras,[27] Costa Rica,[28] and Panama.[29] Fossils have also been found in India and Turkey.[30][31]

Evolution

Skeletons of Cormohipparion and Teleoceras from the Ashfall Fossil Beds

A species of Cormohipparion closely related to C. occidentale is thought to have crossed the Bering land Bridge over into Eurasia around 11.4-11 million years ago, becoming the ancestor to Old World hipparionines.[32]

Palaeoecology

Paired dental mesowear and δ13C analysis points to C. emsliei having a hypergeneralised diet consisting of both grazing and browsing.[33]

References

  1. ↑ C. Hulbert Jr., Richard (October 17, 2013). "Cormohipparion ingenuum" (in en-US). https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/cormohipparion-ingenuum/. 
  2. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Skinner, Morris F. (1982). "Hipparion Horses and Modern Phylogenetic Interpretation: Comments on Forsten's View of Cormohipparion". Journal of Paleontology 56 (6): 1336–1342. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  3. ↑ "Region 4: The Great Plains". http://geology.teacherfriendlyguide.org/index.php/fossils-sc/fossils-region4-sc. 
  4. ↑ Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Thurmond, J. Peter; Wyckoff, Don G. (Fall 2001). "Wild Horse Creek #1: A Late Miocene (Clarendonian-Hemphillian) Vertebrate Fossil Assemblage in Roger Mills County, Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geology 61 (3): 60–67. http://ogs.ou.edu/docs/geologynotes/GN-V61N3.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Skinner, M. F.; MacFadden, B. J. (1977). "Cormohipparion n. gen. (Mammalia, Equidae) from the North American Miocene (Barstovian-Clarendonian)". Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 51 (5): 912–926. 
  6. ↑ Forsten, A. (1982). "The Status of the Genus Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden (Mammalia, Equidae)". Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 56 (6): 1332–1335. 
  7. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1985). "Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America". Paleobiology 11 (3): 245–257. doi:10.1017/S009483730001157X. ISSN 0094-8373. Bibcode: 1985Pbio...11..245M. 
  8. ↑ MacFadden, B. J.; Skinner, M. F. (1982). "Hipparion Horses and Modern Phylogenetic Interpretation_ Comments on Forsten's View of Cormohipparion". Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 56 (6): 1336–1342. 
  9. ↑ Forsten, Ann (1982). "The Status of the Genus Cormohipparion Skinner and MacFadden (Mammalia, Equidae)". Journal of Paleontology 56 (6): 1332–1335. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  10. ↑ MacFadden, BJ (1984). "Systematics and phylogeny of Hipparion, Neohipparion, Nannippus, and Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Miocene and Pliocene of the new world". American Museum of Natural History. 
  11. ↑ Hulbert Jr, R. C. (1988). "A New Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Pliocene (Latest Hemphillian and Blancan) of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) 7 (4): 451–468. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011675. Bibcode: 1988JVPal...7..451H. 
  12. ↑ "Cormohipparion ingenuum" (in en-US). 2017-03-30. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/cormohipparion-ingenuum/. 
  13. ↑ "Late Pliocene (Late Blancan) vertebrates from the St. Petersburg Times site, Pinellas County, Florida, with a brief review of Florida Blancan faunas | WorldCat.org" (in en). https://search.worldcat.org/title/Late-Pliocene-(Late-Blancan)-vertebrates-from-the-St.-Petersburg-Times-site-Pinellas-County-Florida-with-a-brief-review-of-Florida-Blancan-faunas/oclc/182860777. 
  14. ↑ "Neohipparion" (in en-US). 2018-02-16. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fossil-horses/gallery/neohipparion/. 
  15. ↑ Woodburne, M. O. (2005). "A New Occurrence of Cormohipparion, with Implications for the Old World Hippotherium Datum". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 256–257. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0256:ANOOCW2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  16. ↑ Bravo-Cuevas, V. M.; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, I. (2008). "Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Middle Miocene of Oaxaca, Southeastern Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 243–250. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[243:CMPEFT2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  17. ↑ Skinner, Morris F.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (1977). "Cormohipparion n. gen. (Mammalia, Equidae) from the North American Miocene (Barstovian-Clarendonian)". Journal of Paleontology 51 (5): 912–926. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  18. ↑ Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael (2008). "Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Middle Miocene of Oaxaca, Southeastern Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (1): 243–250. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[243:CMPEFT2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  19. ↑ Hulbert, Richard C. (1988). "A New Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Pliocene (Latest Hemphillian and Blancan) of Florida". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7 (4): 451–468. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011675. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1988JVPal...7..451H. 
  20. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Skinner, Morris F. (1981). "Earliest Holarctic Hipparion, Cormohipparion goorisi n. sp. (Mammalia, Equidae), from the Barstovian (Medial Miocene) Texas Gulf Coastal Plain". Journal of Paleontology 55 (3): 619–627. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  21. ↑ WHISTLER, DAVID P.; BURBANK, DOUGLAS W. (1992-06-01). "Miocene biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Dove Spring Formation, Mojave Desert, California, and characterization of the Clarendonian mammal age (late Miocene) in California". Geological Society of America Bulletin 104 (6): 644–658. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0644:MBABOT>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1992GSAB..104..644W. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/104/6/644/182687/Miocene-biostratigraphy-and-biochronology-of-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 28 September 2025. 
  22. ↑ Schiebout, Judith A.; Ting, Suyin; Williams, Michael; Boardman, Grant; Gose, Wulf (2004-04-01). Paleofaunal and Environmental Research on Miocene Fossil Sites TVOR SE and TVOR S on Fort Polk, Louisiana, with Continued Survey, Collection, Processing, and Documentation of other Miocene Localities (Report). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center. doi:10.21236/ada422018. 
  23. ↑ "Abstract: TERRESTRIAL CARNIVORES, ARTIODACTYLS, PERISSODACTYLS, AND PROBOSCIDEANS OF THE FORT POLK MIOCENE SITES OF LOUISIANA (South-Central Section - 45th Annual Meeting (27–29 March 2011))". https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011SC/webprogram/Paper186930.html. 
  24. ↑ Otto, Rick (2017-01-01). "Five Species of Fossil Equids Preserved In-situ at Ashfall Fossil Beds". University of Nebraska State Museum: Programs Information. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museumprogram/28/. 
  25. ↑ Tucker, S. T.; Otto, R. E.; Joeckel, R. M.; Voorhies, M. R. (2014-01-01), Korus, Jesse T., ed., "The geology and paleontology of Ashfall Fossil Beds, a late Miocene (Clarendonian) mass-death assemblage, Antelope County and adjacent Knox County, Nebraska, USA", Geologic Field Trips along the Boundary between the Central Lowlands and Great Plains: 2014 Meeting of the GSA North – Central Section (Geological Society of America) 36: p. 0, ISBN 978-0-8137-0036-6, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/edited-volume/889/chapter-abstract/4643607/The-geology-and-paleontology-of-Ashfall-Fossil?redirectedFrom=fulltext, retrieved 2025-04-09 
  26. ↑ Pagnac, Darrin. Additions to the Vertebrate Faunal Assemblage of the Middle Miocene Fort Randall Formation in the Vicinity of South Bijou Hill, South Dakota, U.S.A. https://www.academia.edu/2067687. 
  27. ↑ Webb, S. David; Perrigo, Stephen C. (1984). "Late Cenozoic Vertebrates from Honduras and El Salvador". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 (2): 237–254. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012006. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1984JVPal...4..237W. 
  28. ↑ Miller, Stephanie; Valerio, Ana L.; Sudasassi, Arturo; Laurito, César A. (2022). "Cormohipparion quinni (Mammalia, Equidae, Hipparionini) del Mioceno Medio (Barstoviano Tardío) del Norte de Costa Rica" (in es). Revista geológica de América central 66: 1–8. doi:10.15517/rgac.v66i0.49763. ISSN 2215-261X. 
  29. ↑ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Jones, Douglas S.; Jud, Nathan A.; Moreno-Bernal, Jorge W.; Morgan, Gary S.; Portell, Roger W.; Perez, Victor J.; Moran, Sean M. et al. (2017). "Integrated Chronology, Flora and Faunas, and Paleoecology of the Alajuela Formation, Late Miocene of Panama". PLOS ONE 12 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170300. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 28107398. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1270300M. 
  30. ↑ Basu, Prabir Kumar (1 January 2004). "Siwalik mammals of the Jammu Sub-Himalaya, India: an appraisal of their diversity and habitats". Quaternary International. 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment 117 (1): 105–118. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00120-4. ISSN 1040-6182. Bibcode: 2004QuInt.117..105B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618203001204. 
  31. ↑ Bernor, Raymond Louis; Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie; Basoglu, Oksan; Cirilli, Omar; Kaya, Ferhat; Pehlevan, Cesur; Niknahad, Mansoureh; Vaziri, Mohammad Reza et al. (November 2024). "Cormohipparion cappadocium, a new species from the Late Miocene of Yeniyaylacık, Türkiye, and the emergence of western Eurasian hipparion bioprovinciality" (in en). Annales Zoologici Fennici 61 (1). doi:10.5735/086.061.0119. ISSN 0003-455X. https://bioone.org/journals/annales-zoologici-fennici/volume-61/issue-1/086.061.0119/Cormohipparion-cappadocium-a-new-species-from-the-Late-Miocene-of/10.5735/086.061.0119.short. 
  32. ↑ Bernor, Raymond L.; Kaya, Ferhat; Kaakinen, Anu; Saarinen, Juha; Fortelius, Mikael (October 2021). "Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology" (in en). Earth-Science Reviews 221. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784. Bibcode: 2021ESRv..22103784B. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825221002853. 
  33. ↑ Loffredo, Lucas F.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G. (1 February 2014). "Cautionary lessons from assessing dental mesowear observer variability and integrating paleoecological proxies of an extreme generalist Cormohipparion emsliei" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 395: 42–52. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018213005579. Retrieved 28 September 2025. 

Template:Perissodactyla Genera Template:Equidae extinct nav Wikidata ☰ Q3693629 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Cormohipparion&oldid=4078051"