Biology:Hippotherium
Hippotherium is an extinct genus of horse that lived during the Miocene through Pliocene ~13.65—6.7 Mya, existing for 6.95 million years.
The last known surviving Hippotherium was H. malpassii, found in Italy.[1]
Species
thumb
The type species, H. primigenium, is known from Miocene deposits in Europe (e.g., the Hegau region in southern Germany)[2] and the Middle East, while the species H. koenigswaldi and H. catalaunicum have been found in Miocene deposits in Spain.[citation needed] The Asian hipparionin "Hipparion" weihoense from early Late Miocene deposits in northern China has also been referred to the genus.[3][4]
Diet
H. primigenium was a generalist feeder which frequently browsed but could also exploit grasses.[5] The dental mesowear of H. primigenium reveals that it lived in both open environments such as reed flats and closed environments such as mesophytic forests.[6] In the arid Pannonian Basin System, Hippotherium is known to have migrated to make use of water sources with a high elevation origin, particularly from the nearby Vienna Basin.[7]
Fossil distribution
- Doue-la-Fontaine France estimated age: ~13.65—7.25 Mya.
- Lower Bakhtiari Formation, northern Iraq, estimated age: ~11.6—9.0 Mya.
- Kurtchuk-Tchekmedje, Turkey estimated age: ~11.61—5.33 Mya.
References
- ↑ Bernor, Raymond L.; Kaya, Ferhat; Kaakinen, Anu; Saarinen, Juha; Fortelius, Mikael (2021). "Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology". Earth-Science Reviews 221. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784. Bibcode: 2021ESRv..22103784B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221002853.
- ↑ Bernor, Raymond L.; Tobien, Heinz; Hayek, Lee-Ann C.; Mittmann, Hans-Walter (1997). "Hippotherium primigenium (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Höwenegg (Hegau, Germany)". Andrias 10: 1–230.
- ↑ Bernor, Raymond L.; Wang, Shiqi; Liu, Yan; Chen, Yu; Sun, Boyang (2018). "Shanxihippus dermatorhinus comb. nov. with comparisons to old world hipparions with specialized nasal apparati". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 124 (2): 361–386. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/10202.
- ↑ Armin Scherzinger, Johanne Baier, Günter Schweigert, & Roland Berka (2024): Zur Entstehung der Höwenegg-Vulkangruppe und der Höwenegg-Schichten im Hegau. Jh. Ges. Naturkde. Württemberg. 180: 501–528.
- ↑ Tütken, Thomas; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Vennemann, Torsten; Merceron, Gildas (11 September 2013). Ungar, Peter Stuart. ed. "Opportunistic Feeding Strategy for the Earliest Old World Hypsodont Equids: Evidence from Stable Isotope and Dental Wear Proxies" (in en). PLoS ONE 8 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074463. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 24040254. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...874463T.
- ↑ Kaiser, Thomas M. (1 October 2003). "The dietary regimes of two contemporaneous populations of Hippotherium primigenium (Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Vallesian (Upper Miocene) of Southern Germany" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 198 (3–4): 381–402. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00480-2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018203004802. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ↑ Johnson, Michael R.; Geary, Dana H. (1 October 2016). "Stable isotope ecology of Hippotherium from the Late Miocene Pannonian Basin system" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 459: 44–52. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216302310. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
Template:Perissodactyla Genera Template:Equidae extinct nav Wikidata ☰ Q3785745 entry
 |  |
