Biology:Ctenosaura similis

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Short description: Black iguana, native to central America

Ctenosaura similis
Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) Cayo.jpg
in Belize
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Ctenosaura
Species:
C. similis
Binomial name
Ctenosaura similis
(Gray, 1831)
Geographic distribution of three large species of lizards in the genus Ctenosaura (C. acanthura, C. pectinata, C. similis).jpg
Synonyms
  • Iguana similis Gray, 1831
  • Ctenosaura completa Bocourt, 1874
  • Ctenosaura similis – Bailey, 1928

Ctenosaura similis, commonly known as the black iguana[3] or black spiny-tailed iguana, is a lizard native to Mexico and Central America. It has been reported in some Colombian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, and has been introduced to the United States in the state of Florida. It is the largest species in the genus Ctenosaura. They are typically found in areas such as grasslands and forests.

Taxonomy

The black spiny-tailed iguana was first described by United Kingdom zoologist John Edward Gray in 1831.[4] The generic name, Ctenosaura, is derived from two Greek words: ctenos (Κτενός), meaning "comb" (referring to the comblike spines on the lizard's back and tail), and saura (σαύρα), meaning "lizard".[5] Its specific name is the Latin word similis meaning "similar to", a common description found in Linnean taxonomy when referring to a new taxon.[6]

Description

Male, Tulum

Black spiny-tailed iguana have distinctive black, keeled scales on their long tails, which gives them their common name.[7] They, along with C. pectinata, are the largest members of the genus Ctenosaura. The males are capable of growing up to 1.3 meters (4 ft 3 in) in length and the females are slightly shorter, at 0.8–1 meter (2 ft 7 in–3 ft 3 in).[5] They have a crest of long spines which extends down the center of the back.[7] Although coloration varies extremely among individuals of the same population, adults usually have a whitish gray or tan ground color with a series of 4–12 well-defined dark dorsal bands that extend nearly to the ventral scales.[7] Males also develop an orange color around the head and throat during breeding season with highlights of blue and peach on their jowls.[5][7]

Diet and behavior

Black spiny-tailed iguanas are excellent climbers, and prefer a rocky habitat with plenty of crevices to hide in, rocks to bask on, and nearby trees to climb.[5] They are diurnal and fast moving, employing their speed to escape predators but will lash with their tails and bite if cornered.[5] The Guinness Book of World Records lists this as the world's fastest lizard, with a maximal sprint speed of 34.6 kilometres per hour (21.5 mph).[5][8]

They are primarily herbivorous, eating flowers, leaves, stems, and fruit, but they will opportunistically eat smaller animals (rodents, bats, frogs, small birds and smaller iguanas), eggs and arthropods.[5][9] Juveniles tend to be insectivores, becoming more herbivorous as they get older.[10] They are known to eat the fruit and live in the limbs of the manchineel, a tree highly poisonous to most other animals.[11] González-García et al. 2009 find that abundance is highly dependent on 3 dimensional structure of landscape, tall vegetation not merely short grass.[12]

Distribution

The black spiny-tailed iguana is native to southern Mexico and Central America, ranging from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec southward to Panama, occurring at sea level to ca. 1,320 meters elevation, but it is absent from interior highlands.[13] Its distribution is irregular and discontinuous on the Atlantic versant where it ranges through portions of Tabasco, northern Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo in Mexico, much of Belize, Guatemala,[14][15] and the northern coast of Honduras (often following rivers into interior valleys and canyons),[16] but with only a few isolated and disjunct records southward in eastern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.[13][17] On the Pacific coast its distribution is continuous from extreme southeast Oaxaca and southern Chiapas, Mexico, south through Guatemala, El Salvador,[18] Honduras,[16] Nicaragua, Costa Rica,[17] to the Azuero Peninsula in Panama.[13][19]

It is also found on many Caribbean and Pacific islands including: Isla Aguada, Isla Contoy, Cozumel, and Isla Mujeres in Mexico;[15][20] Ambergris Caye, Glover's Reef, Half Moon Caye, Belize;[15] Isla de Utila, Guanaja, Roatán, and the islands in the Golfo de Fonseca, Honduras;[16][20][21] Isla de Maíz Grande (Corn Islands) Nicaragua;[17][20] Coiba Island[19] and Isla del Rey, Panamá;[20] Isla San Andrés and Providencia, Colombia.[17][20][22][23] Its status on a few of these islands, as a native or invasive species is questionable. Some herpetologist presume dispersal to the Islas San Andrés and Providencia, Colombia occurred in the Quaternary,[23] while another suspects these and some other insular populations are "likely" human introductions.[16] It has been introduced and is now established in southern Florida, a few islands in the Bahamas, Malpelo Island, Colombia,[16] and Venezuela.[24]

The black spiny-tailed iguana has been introduced to South Florida and reproduces in the wild in several feral populations. On the southwestern Florida coast, it has been discovered from Collier County north to Tampa Bay.[25][26][27] On the southeastern Florida coast, black spiny-tailed iguanas have been found on Key Biscayne, Hialeah, and in Broward County. This iguana has also been introduced to several islands in the Caribbean.[28] As this species will opportunistically feed on small vertebrates, such as fish, rodents, eggs, birds, and even hatchling sea turtles it may pose a threat to endangered native species.[26]

Reproduction

Mating generally occurs in the spring. Males show dominance and interest by head bobbing; eventually the male will chase the female until he can catch her and subdue her.[5] Within eight to ten weeks, the female will dig a nest and lay clutches of up to 30 eggs.[5] The eggs hatch in 90 days with the hatchlings digging their way out of the sand.[5] These juveniles are typically green with brown markings, although all brown hatchlings have been recorded as well.[7]

Commercial usage

In some parts of Central America, the black spiny-tailed iguana, colloquially called the "chicken of the trees," is farmed alongside the green iguana as a food source and for export for the pet trade[5] (see iguana meat). Although it is heavily hunted it does not appear to be endangered in any of its native territory.

Gallery

  • A basking female on the island of Cozumel in Quintana Roo, Mexico)

  • A male eating a flower in southern Mexico

  • A juvenile from Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica

  • An adult male "Blue Iguana" basking in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica.

References

  1. ↑ Pasachnik, S. (2015). "Ctenosaura similis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T174480A73611567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T174480A73611567.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/174480/73611567. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. 
  3. ↑ Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Cass-Andreu. (2008). Standard Spanish, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico (2nd. ed.). Herpetological Circular No. 38. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. iv, 162 pp. ISBN:978-0-916984-75-5
  4. ↑ "Ctenosaura similis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=585835. Retrieved 30 December 2007. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Malfatti, Mark (2007). "A look at the genus Ctenosaura: meet the world's fastest lizard and its kin". Reptiles Magazine 15 (11): 64–73. 
  6. ↑ Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004). The Evolution of Iguanas: An Overview and a Checklist of Species. University of California Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Köhler, Gunther (1996). "Notes on the systematic status of the taxa acanthura, pectinata, and similis of the genus Ctenosaura". Senckenbergiana Biologica 30 (1): 33–43. 
  8. ↑ Garland, T. Jr. (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach". American Journal of Physiology 247 (5 Pt 2): R806–R815. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.5.R806. PMID 6238543. http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/Garl1984.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "Ctenosaura similis (Black Iguana)". https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ctenosaura_similis/. 
  10. ↑ Van Devender, R. W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica, with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-182 in G. M. Burghardt and A. S. Rand, eds. Iguanas of the world: their behavior, ecology, and conservation. Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA, Noyes Publications.
  11. ↑ Friedman, Melissa H.; Andreu, Michael G. (24 November 2015). "Hippomane mancinella, Manchineel" (in en). University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr370. 
  12. ↑ Goddard, Mark; Dougill, Andrew; Benton, Tim (2010). "Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Cell Press) 25 (2): 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 19758724. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Köhler, Gunther. 2008. Reptiles of Central America, 2nd Edition. Herpeton, Verlag Elke Köhler, Offenbach, Germany. 400 pp. (pages 139–144) ISBN:3-936180-28-8
  14. ↑ Campbell, Jonathan A. 1998. Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatán, and Belize. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. xix, 380 pp. (pages 142–144) ISBN:0-8061-3064-4
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Lee, Julian C. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xii, 500 pp. (pages 206–208)ISBN:0-8014-2450-X
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 McCranie, James R. 2018. The Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras: Systematic, Distribution, and Conservation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publications Series, No. 2: 1-666 pp. (pages 273–281)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Savage, Jay M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, A Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. xx, 934 pp. (pages 435–437) ISBN:0-226-73537-0
  18. ↑ Köhler, Gunther., Milan Veselý, and Eli Greenbaum. 2006. The Amphibians and Reptiles of El Salvador. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, Florida. ix, 238 pp. (pages 113–115) ISBN:1-57524-252-4
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Köhler, Gunther. 2002. Schwarzleguane: Lebensweise, Pflege, Zucht. Herpeton, Verlag Elke Köhler, Offenbach, Germany. 142 pp. (pages 110–120, & 128b) ISBN:3-936180-01-6
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Alberts, Allison C., Ronald L. Carter, William K. Hays, and Emília P. Martins (Editors). 2004. Iguanas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. Berkeley. xvi, 356 pp. (pages 34–35) ISBN:0-520-23854-0
  21. ↑ McCranie, James R., Larry David Wilson, and Gunther Köhloer. 2005. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Bay Islands and Cayos Cochinos, Honduras. Bibliomania!. Salt Lake City, Utah. xiii, 210 pp. (pages 96–97) ISBN:1-932871-07-1
  22. ↑ Schwartz, Albert, and Robert W. Henderson. 1991. Amphibian and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distribution, and Natural History. University of Florida Press. Gainesville. (pages 387–388) ISBN:0-8130-1049-7
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Powell, Robert, and Robert W. Henderson (Editors). 1996. Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A Tribute to Albert Schwarts. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 457 pp. (page 105) ISBN:0-916984-37-0
  24. ↑ Barrio-Amorós, César Luis and Gilson Rivas-Fuenmayor. 2008. Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) in Venezuela: A Preliminary Report. Iguana. 15( 3) 160-161.
  25. ↑ "Black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) - EDDMapS State Distribution". https://www.eddmaps.org/distribution/viewmap.cfm?sub=18182. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Krysko, K. L. & King, F. W. & Enge, K. M. & Reppas, A. T. (2003): Sarasota county Distribution of the introduced black spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) on the southwestern coast of Florida. Florida Scientist, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; 66 (2): 74-79.
  27. ↑ "SARASOTA COUNTY EXOTIC REPTILE MANAGEMENT PLAN". pp. 6–7. https://www.scgov.net/Home/ShowDocument?id=34391. 
  28. ↑ Sanchez, Alejandro (2007-12-31). "Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I: Introduction; Lizards". http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa10.html. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q1132759 entry



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