Biology:Dcu family
| Anaerobic c4-dicarboxylate membrane transporter | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | DcuA_DcuB | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF03605 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0182 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR004668 | ||||||||
| TCDB | 2.A.13 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The C4-dicarboxylate uptake family or Dcu family (TC# 2.A.13) is a family of transmembrane ion transporters found in bacteria. Their function is to exchange dicarboxylates such as aspartate, malate, fumarate and succinate.
Structure
Many members of this family are predicted to have 11 or 12 transmembrane regions (TMSs); however, one member of this family (Uncharacterized protein of Encarsia pergandiella symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, strain cEper1; TC# 2.A.13.2.1) is reported to have 10 transmembrane regions, with both the N- and C-termini localized to the periplasm.[1] For DcuA, the 'positive inside' rule is obeyed, and two putative TMSs are localized to a cytoplasmic loop between TMSs 5 and 6 and in the C-terminal periplasmic region.[2] The fully sequenced proteins are of fairly uniform size, from 434-446 amino acyl residues in length.
There are no crystal structures available for members of the Dcu family.
Function
The two E. coli proteins, DcuA (TC# 2.A.13.1.1) and DcuB (TC# 2.A.13.1.2), of the Dcu family are involved in the transport of aspartate, malate, fumarate and succinate, functioning as antiporters with any two of these substrates.[3][4][5] They exhibit 36% identity with 63% similarity, and both transport fumarate in exchange for succinate with the same affinity (30 μM). Since DcuA is encoded in an operon with the gene for aspartase, and DcuB is encoded in an operon with the gene for fumarase, their physiological functions may be to catalyse aspartate:fumarate and fumarate:malate exchange during the anaerobic utilization of aspartate and fumarate, respectively.[6] The two transporters can apparently substitute for each other under certain physiological conditions.[7]
The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by the proteins of the Dcu family is:
Dicarboxylate1 (out) + Dicarboxylate2 (in) ⇌ Dicarboxylate1 (in) + Dicarboxylate2 (out).
Expression
The Escherichia coli DcuA and DcuB proteins have very different expression patterns.[8] DcuA is constitutively expressed; DcuB is strongly induced anaerobically by FNR and C4-dicarboxylates, while it is repressed by nitrate and subject to CRP-mediated catabolite repression.[8][9][10][11]
See also
References
- ↑ "Identification of a third secondary carrier (DcuC) for anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transport in Escherichia coli: roles of the three Dcu carriers in uptake and exchange". J. Bacteriol. 178 (24): 7241–7. December 1996. doi:10.1128/jb.178.24.7241-7247.1996. PMID 8955408.
- ↑ "Topological analysis of DcuA, an anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter of Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 180 (18): 4821–7. September 1998. doi:10.1128/JB.180.18.4821-4827.1998. PMID 9733683.
- ↑ "Construction and properties of Escherichia coli mutants defective in two genes encoding homologous membrane proteins with putative roles in anaerobic C4-dicarboxylic acid transport". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21 (4): 342S. November 1993. doi:10.1042/bst021342s. PMID 8131924.
- ↑ "Genes responsible for anaerobic fumarate and arginine metabolism are involved in growth suppression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro, without influencing colonisation inhibition in the chicken in vivo". Vet. Microbiol. 97 (3–4): 191–9. December 2003. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.08.011. PMID 14654290.
- ↑ "Transport of C(4)-dicarboxylates in Wolinella succinogenes". J. Bacteriol. 182 (20): 5757–64. October 2000. doi:10.1128/jb.182.20.5757-5764.2000. PMID 11004174.
- ↑ "Escherichia coli possesses two homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate membrane transporters (DcuA and DcuB) distinct from the aerobic dicarboxylate transport system (Dct)". J. Bacteriol. 176 (21): 6470–8. November 1994. doi:10.1128/jb.176.21.6470-6478.1994. PMID 7961398.
- ↑ Engel, P.; Krämer, R.; Unden, G. (1994-06-01). "Transport of C4-dicarboxylates by anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Energetics and mechanism of exchange, uptake and efflux". European Journal of Biochemistry 222 (2): 605–614. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18903.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 8020497.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Transcriptional regulation and organization of the dcuA and dcuB genes, encoding homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporters in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 180 (24): 6586–96. December 1998. doi:10.1128/JB.180.24.6586-6596.1998. PMID 9852003.
- ↑ "Anaerobic fumarate transport in Escherichia coli by an fnr-dependent dicarboxylate uptake system which is different from the aerobic dicarboxylate uptake system". J. Bacteriol. 174 (17): 5533–9. September 1992. doi:10.1128/jb.174.17.5533-5539.1992. PMID 1512189.
- ↑ "Identification and characterization of a two-component sensor-kinase and response-regulator system (DcuS-DcuR) controlling gene expression in response to C4-dicarboxylates in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 181 (4): 1238–48. February 1999. doi:10.1128/JB.181.4.1238-1248.1999. PMID 9973351.
- ↑ "Fumarate regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli by the DcuSR (dcuSR genes) two-component regulatory system". J. Bacteriol. 180 (20): 5421–5. October 1998. doi:10.1128/JB.180.20.5421-5425.1998. PMID 9765574.
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