Biology:East African Highland bananas

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East African Highland bananas
Matoke.JPG
A bunch of East African Highland bananas
SpeciesMusa acuminata
Cultivar groupMusa acuminata (AAA-EA) or the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup of the AAA group[1]
OriginUganda
Cultivar group membersSee text
Matoke market in Kampala, Uganda
Matoke seller in Uganda

East African Highland bananas (EAHB) are triploid banana cultivars originating from the African Great Lakes region. They are a staple food crop in Uganda, Tanzania[2] and other Great Lakes countries, and are used to make matoke.

East African Highland bananas are also known as the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup.

Matoke locally also known as matooke, amatooke, ekitookye in south western Uganda, ekitooke in western Uganda, ebitooke in north western Tanzania and igitoki in Rwanda, is a starchy variety of banana. The fruit is harvested green, carefully peeled and then cooked and often mashed or pounded into a meal. In Uganda and Rwanda, the fruit is steam-cooked, and the mashed meal is considered a national dish in both countries. [3]

The medium-sized green fruits, which are of a specific group of banana, the East African Highland bananas (Musa AAA-EA),[4][5][6] are known in the Bantu languages of Uganda as matoke.

Cooking bananas have long been and still are a common staple crop around the Lake Victoria area of Uganda, and in the West and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania.[7]

Description

East African Highland bananas are easily distinguishable from other banana cultivars by the numerous black (or more rarely brown or bronze) blotches on their pseudostems, giving them the appearance of polished metal. The outermost sheath of their pseudostems is a medium green, superimposed over the pink to purple underlying sheaths.[8]

Their leaves are also darker green and dull, a difference more apparent when comparing them side by side with other banana cultivars from a distance.[8]

The inflorescence has peduncles covered with coarse hair. The bracts are ovate to lanceolate in shape with outer surfaces that are purple to brown and inner surfaces which are red fading to yellow towards the base. The male flowers have cream colored tepals with yellow lobes. The anthers are pink, while the stigmata are orange.[8]

The fruits are recurved and can vary in length. They are inflated with blunt tips. The pulp is white in unripe fruits and cream-colored in ripe fruits.[8]

Taxonomy

East African Highland bananas are triploid (AAA) cultivars. Their official designation is Musa acuminata Colla (AAA-EA). Synonyms include Musa brieyi De Wild. Their paternal parent is the blood banana subspecies (M. acuminata ssp. zebrina) of the wild banana species Musa acuminata.[1]

East African Highland bananas are a subgroup that refers to about 200 individual banana cultivars (or clones).[1] They can be subdivided into five distinct groups of clones known as clone sets:

  • Mbidde or beer clone set
The Mbidde clone set contains 14 cultivars. Mbidde means 'beer', and clones belonging to this clone set are usually used for making banana beer.[9] Their pulp is bitter and astringent with sticky brown excretions.[8]
  • Nakitembe clone set
  • Nakabululu clone set
Nakabululu clones are soft-textured and savory. They mature quickly, but their fruits are smaller and have lesser overall yields per bunch.[10]
  • Musakala clone set
Musakala clones are characterized by slender fruits with bottle-necked tips. Other characteristics are the same as the preceding three clone sets.[8]
  • Nfuuka clone set
Nfuuka clones are characterized by inflated, rounded, or almost rectangular fruits with intermediate-shaped tips. The bunch shape is mainly rectangular. Other characteristics are the same as the other clone sets.[8] It is the most diverse of the five clone sets, a probable result of its tendency to mutate more frequently. They bear heavy compacted bunches and are thus more often exploited commercially than other clone sets.[10]

Over 500 local names are known for cultivars from the EAHB subgroup.[11]

Origin and distribution

East African Highland bananas were introduced early into Africa from Southeast Asia during the first to sixth centuries AD, probably via trade [11]. They are genetically distinct from the other AAA cultivars, having evolved locally in the African Great Lakes region for over a millennium. They are found nowhere else in the world, and the African Great Lakes has been called the secondary center of banana diversity because of this (with Southeast Asia being the first). East African Highland bananas are considered to be especially diverse in Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda.[1][9] However, genetic analysis has revealed that all East African Highland bananas are genetically uniform, having most likely originated from a single ancestral clone (introduced to Africa within past 2000 years) that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation.[12] The triploid East African Highland banana gene pool arose from a single hybridization event, which generated a genetic bottleneck during the foundation of the crop genepool. Triploid East African Highland bananas are sterile, and have been asexually vegetatively propagated by generations by successive generations of farmers since their introduction to Africa. This has likely led to the emergence of the genetically near-isogenic somatic mutants (i.e. todays East African Highland banana varieties) that have been selected by farmers and environments across East Africa.[13]

Economic importance

East African Highland bananas are one of the most important staple food crops in the African Great Lakes region, particularly for Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. Per capita annual consumption of bananas in Uganda is the highest in the world at 0.70 kg (1.5 lb) daily per person.[14] Including Rwanda and Burundi, consumption is about 250 to 400 kg (550 to 880 lb) per person annually (about three to 11 bananas each day).[15] Uganda is the second-largest producer of bananas in the world. It is, however, one of the smallest exporters, with the crops being used mostly for domestic consumption.[14]

East African Highland bananas are so important as food crops, the local name matoke (or more commonly matooke) is synonymous for the word "food" in Uganda. Also, a portion of the East African Highland bananas locally known as mbidde is used to produce juice/beer.[16][17]

Food preparation

Matoke fruits

Matoke are peeled using a knife, wrapped in the plant's leaves (or plastic bags), and set in a cooking pot (Swahili: sufuria) atop the banana stalks. The pot is then placed on a charcoal or wood fire and the matoke is steamed for a couple of hours, water is poured into the bottom of the cooking pot multiple times. The stalks in the bottom of the pot serve to keep the leaf-wrapped fruits above the level of the hot water. While uncooked, the matoke is white and fairly hard; cooking turns it soft and yellow. The matoke is then mashed while still wrapped in the leaves or bags and often served on a fresh banana leaf. It is typically eaten with a sauce made of vegetables, ground peanut, or some type of meat (goat or beef).

Ugandan traditional meal with Matoke steamed and served with luwombo, meat or groundnuts steamed in banana leaves.

Matoke are also used to make a popular breakfast dish called Katogo in Uganda.[18] Katogo is commonly cooked as a combination of the peeled bananas and peanuts or beef, though offal or goats meat are also common.[19]

In Bukoba, Tanzania, matoke (or ebitooke) are cooked with meat or smoked catfish, and beans or groundnuts. This method eliminates the need for preparing a separate sauce. In this recipe, the matoke are not mashed. Up until the early 1980s, this was the most common meal in Bukoba and would be eaten year round.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Randy C. Ploetz; Angela Kay Kepler; Jeff Daniells; Scot C. Nelson (2007). "Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars". Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (Traditional Tree Initiative). http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2011. 
  2. ↑ "Tanzania Statistical Abstract" (in en-gb). http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbstz/index.php/english/tanzania-abstract. 
  3. ↑ Tufariello, Maria; Mita, Giovanni; Bleve, Gianluca (2016-10-26), "Biotechnology can Improve a Traditional Product as Table Olives", Products from Olive Tree (InTech), ISBN 978-953-51-2724-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64687, retrieved 2020-05-30 
  4. ↑ Karamura, D. and Mgenzi, B. 2004. On-farm conservation of Musa diversity in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. African Crop Science Journal 12(1):75-83.
  5. ↑ Karamura, D., Mgenzi, B., Karamura, E. and Sharrock, S. 2004. Exploiting indigenous knowledge for the management and maintenance of Musa biodiversity on-farm. African Crop Science Journal 12(1).
  6. ↑ Mgenzi, S.R.B., Mshaghuley, I.M., Staver, C. and Nkuba, J.M. 2005. A study on the analysis of Musa processing businesses and their support environment in Tanzania. A paper presented to the Musa processing businesses and their support environment workshop, Manila, Philippines 10-13 Oct. 2005. INIBAP [online], accessed 2011 June 14 from: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20110824143538/http://platforms.inibap.org/processing/images/stories/file/pdf/tanzania.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-14. .
  7. ↑ Raschke, V., Oltersdorf, U., Elmadfa, I., Wahlqvist, M.L., Cheema, B.S.B. and Kouris-Blazos, A. 2007. Content of a novel online collection of traditional east African food habits (1930s – 1960s): data collected by the Max-Planck-Nutrition Research Unit, Bumbuli, Tanzania. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 16(1):140-151 [online]. Accessed 2011 June 14 from: http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/Volume16/vol16.1/Finished/Raschke.pdf.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Deborah Karamura; Barbara Pickersgill (1999). "A classification of the clones of East African Highland bananas (Musa) found in Uganda". Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (Bioversity International & Food and Agriculture Organization) (119): 1–6. http://www.musalit.org/pdf/FA010072_en.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2011. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 A.K. Tugume; G.W. Lubega; P.R. Rubaihayo (2002). "Genetic diversity of East African Highland bananas". Infomusa (Bioversity International) 11 (2): 28–32. http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/info11.2_en.pdf. Retrieved June 16, 2011. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 G. Nantale; E.K. Kakudidi; D.A. Karamura; E. Karamura; G. Soka (2008). "Scientific basis for Banana Cultivar Proportions on-farm in East Africa". African Crop Science Journal (African Crop Science Society) 16 (1): 41–49. ISSN 1021-9730. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/viewFile/54338/42857. Retrieved June 16, 2011. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Banana cultivar checklist on ProMusa". http://www.promusa.org/tiki-index.php?page=Banana+cultivar+checklist&f_87=EAHB. Retrieved 28 May 2014. 
  12. ↑ Kitavi, Mercy; Downing, Tim; Lorenzen, Jim; Karamura, Deborah; Onyango, Margaret; Nyine, Moses; Ferguson, Morag; Spillane, Charles (2016-01-08). "The triploid East African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 129: 547–61. doi:10.1007/s00122-015-2647-1. ISSN 1432-2242. PMID 26743524. 
  13. ↑ Kitavi M, Downing T, Lorenzen J, Karamura D, Onyango M, Nyine M, Ferguson M, Spillane C. The triploid East African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. Theoretical and applied genetics. 2016 Mar 1;129(3):547-61.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Robert Kalyebara; Jackson M. Nkuba; Mgenzi Said Ramadhan Byabachwezi; Enoch Mutebi Kikulwe; Svetlana Edmeades (2003). "Overview of the Banana Economy in the Lake Victoria Regions of Uganda and Tanzania". An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and Innovation in the Lake Victoria Region of Uganda and Tanzania. International Food Policy Research Institute. pp. 25–36. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pubs/abstract/155/rr155.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  15. ↑ Lois Englberger; Ian Darnton-Hill; Terry Coyne; Maureen H. Fitzgerald; Geoffrey C. Marks (2003). "Carotenoid-rich bananas: A potential food source for alleviating vitamin A deficiency". Food and Nutrition Bulletin (The United Nations University) 24 (4): 303–318. doi:10.1177/156482650302400401. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726193508/http://www.islandfood.org/publications/bulletin.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  16. ↑ R. Birabwa; P.J.A. van Asten; I.N. Alou; G. Taulya (2010). "Got Matooke (Musa spp.) for Christmas?". Acta Hort. (879): 113–122. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2010.879.9. http://www.banana2008.com/cms/details/acta/879_9.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  17. ↑ Linda Nordling (October 1, 2010). "Uganda prepares to plant transgenic bananas". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.509. http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101001/full/news.2010.509.html. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  18. ↑ "The king of all breakfast". Daily Monitor. April 1, 2012. http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/-/1370466/1377136/-/ujj1orz/-/index.html. Retrieved 19 February 2014. 
  19. ↑ "Katogo". http://www.92y.org/Uptown/Jewish-Cookbook/Side-Dishes/Katogo-or-Ugandan-Matooke.aspx. Retrieved 19 February 2014. 

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