Biology:Echinocereus

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Short description: Genus of plants

Echinocereus
Echinocereus triglochidiatus 8.jpg
Echinocereus triglochidiatus
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Echinocereeae
Genus: Echinocereus
Engelm.[1]
Type species
Echinocereus viridiflorus
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Wilcoxia Britton & Rose

Echinocereus is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized, cylindrical shaped cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny, rocky places. Usually the flowers are large and the fruit edible.

The name comes from the Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (echinos), meaning "sea urchin", and the Latin cereus meaning "candle". They are sometimes known as hedgehog cacti,[2] a term also used for the Pediocactus and Echinopsis.[3]

Description

The species of the genus Echinocereus grow solitary or branching with prostrate to erect shoots that are spherical to cylindrical. The roots are fibrous or bulbous. The plants reach heights of growth between 1 and 60 centimeters. On the tips of the 4 to 26 ribs, which are mostly clear and only rarely resolved into humps, are the areoles, from which differently shaped spines can arise.

A distinctive characteristic and likely synapomorphy of the genus is the erumpent flowers.[4] The floral buds develop internally and break through the epidermis of the stem. This flower morphology is likely an adaptation to protect the developing buds from low temperatures. Upon maturity, the flowers are usually brightly colored and open during the day. Echinocereus floral color is variable because perianth color reflects pollinator specificity. Red flowers are generally associated with hummingbird pollination, while pink flowers tend to correspond to moth pollination. Their pericarp and floral tubes are studded with thorns, bristles, and sometimes wool. The scar is usually green, but sometimes white in color.

The spherical to ovoid fruits are green to red and mostly thorny. They are mostly juicy and open along a longitudinal slit. The sometimes fragrant fruits contain broadly oval, black, tuberous seeds 0.8 to 2 millimeters long.

Taxonomy

Echinocereus is a genus in the tribe Echinocereeae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae family.[5] The Cactoideae can be further divided into two sister clades, Cactoideae I and II.[6] Echinocereus is situated within the Cactoideae I clade within the Pachycereeae tribe, a tribe that represents a diversification that yielded columnar and arborescent forms. Echinocereus emerged 4.6 ± 1.7 million years ago.[7] Echinocereus is a strongly supported monophyletic genus that is sister to Stenocereus, although there has historically been substantial debate about infrageneric classification because of the genus's high rates of morphological variation and convergent evolution.

Cultivation

Echinocereus spp. are easier to cultivate than many other cacti.[citation needed] They need light soil, a sunny exposure, and a fresh and dry winter to flower. They grow better in soil slightly richer than other cacti. In the wild, several of the species are cold hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as −23 °C, but only in dry conditions.

Species

The following species are recognized in the genus Echinocereus by Plants of the World Online:[8]

Section Image Scientific name Subspecies Distribution
Costati (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor (1994) Echinocereus berlandieri.jpg Echinocereus berlandieri (Engelm.) Haage Mexico, Texas
Echinocereus cinerascens.jpg Echinocereus cinerascens (DC.) Lem.
  • Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. cinerascens
  • Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. septentrionalis (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. tulensis (Bravo) N.P.Taylor
 Texas to Mexico
Echinocereus enneacanthus in bloom - Val Verde County TX (3).jpg Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm. Mexico (Jalisco)
Echinocereus freudenbergeri G.Frank Mexico (S. Coahuila)
Echinocereus longisetus subsp. delaetii (3497836766).jpg Echinocereus longisetus (Engelm.) Lem.
  • Echinocereus longisetus subsp. delaetii (Gürke) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus longisetus subsp. longisetus
 Mexico (Coahuila).
Echinocereus nivosus 01.jpg Echinocereus nivosus Glass & R.A.Foster Mexico (SE. Coahuila, Nuevo León)
Echinocereus papillosus pm 01.jpg Echinocereus papillosus Linke ex Rümpler Texas to NE. Mexico
Echinocereus parkeri 01.jpg Echinocereus parkeri N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus parkeri subsp. arteagensis W.Blum & Mich.Lange
  • Echinocereus parkeri subsp. gonzalezii (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus parkeri subsp. mazapilensis W.Blum & Mich.Lange
  • Echinocereus parkeri subsp. parkeri
 Mexico.
Echinocereus rayonesensis N.P.Taylor Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).
Echinocereus stramineus.jpg Echinocereus stramineus (Engelm.) F.Seitz New Mexico to W. Texas and NE. Mexico
Echinocereus viereckii GotBot 2015 003.jpg Echinocereus viereckii Werderm.
  • Echinocereus viereckii subsp. morricalii (Říha) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus viereckii subsp. santamariensis W.Blum & D.Felix
  • Echinocereus viereckii subsp. viereckii
 Mexico (SW. Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila).
Echinocereus Echinocereus canus D.Felix & H.Bauer Texas
Echinocereus mapimiensis 01.jpg Echinocereus mapimiensis E.F.Anderson, W.C.Hodgs. & P.Quirk Mexico (Coahuila, Durango)
Caryophyllales - Echinocereus pentalophus - 1.jpg Echinocereus pentalophus (DC.) J.N.Haage
  • Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. leonensis (Mathsson) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. pentalophus
  • Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. procumbens (Engelm.) W.Blum & Mich.Lange
 Texas, Mexico (to Jalisco)
Echinocereus occidentalis breckwoldtiorum.jpg Echinocereus occidentalis (N.P.Taylor) W.Rischer, S.Breckw. & Breckw.
  • Echinocereus occidentalis subsp. breckwoldtiorum De-Nova, Cast.-Lara & W.Blum
  • Echinocereus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis
 Mexico
Cactus in studio conditions.jpg Echinocereus russanthus D.Weniger Texas to Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)
Echinocereus viridiflorus 1211035.jpg Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm.
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus var. canus A.M.Powell & Weedin
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. chloranthus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. correllii (L.D.Benson) W.Blum & Mich.Lange
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. cylindricus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. davisii (Houghton) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus var. neocapillus (Weniger) A.D.Zimmerman
  • Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. viridiflorus
 SW. South Dakota to N. Texas and Mexico (Coahuila)
Erecti (K.Schum.) Bravo (1982) Echinocereus apachensis W.Blum & Rutow Arizona.
Echinocereus barthelowanus 01.jpg Echinocereus barthelowanus Britton & Rose Mexico (Island Magdalena)
Echinocereus-bonkerae.jpg Echinocereus bonkerae Thornber & Bonker Arizona
Echinocereus brandegeei pm 1.JPG Echinocereus brandegeei (J.M.Coult.) K.Schum. Mexico (Baja California)
Fishhook cactus plant mammilaria microcarpa.jpg Echinocereus dasyacanthus Engelm.
  • Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. ctenoides (Engelm.) Lodé
  • Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. dasyacanthus
  • Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. multispinosus D.Felix & H.Bauer
  • Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. rectispinus (Trocha & Fethke) W.Blum, W.Rischer & Rutow
 Mexico (Coahuila)
Echinocereus engelmannii-20080322.jpg Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem.
  • Echinocereus engelmannii subsp. engelmannii
  • Echinocereus engelmannii subsp. llanuraensis (Rutow) Felger
 United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah), Mexico
Echinocereus fasciculatus.jpg Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) L.D.Benson Colorado to NE. Mexico.
Echinocereus felixianus H.Bauer New Mexico, Texas, Mexico (N. Sonora to N. Chihuahua)
Echinocereus fendleri var. fendleri - Flickr - aspidoscelis (2).jpg Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) Sencke ex J.N.Haage
  • Echinocereus fendleri subsp. fendleri
  • Echinocereus fendleri subsp. rectispinus (Peebles) N.P.Taylor
 Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah; Mexico (Baja California, NW. Sonora).
Echinocereus lindsayi.jpg Echinocereus ferreiranus H.E.Gates
  • Echinocereus ferreiranus subsp. ferreiranus ≡ Echinocereus ferreirianus subsp. ferreirianus
  • Echinocereus ferreiranus subsp. lindsayorum (J.Meyrán) N.P.Taylor ≡ Echinocereus ferreirianus subsp. lindsayorum (J.Meyrán) N.P.Taylor
 Mexico (C. Baja California)
Echinocereus ledingii 01.jpg Echinocereus ledingii Peebles Arizona.
Echinocereus maritimus subsp hancockii.jpg Echinocereus maritimus (M.E.Jones) K.Schum. Mexico (Baja California).
Echinocereus nicholii.jpg Echinocereus nicholii (L.D.Benson) B.D.Parfitt Arizona to Mexico (Sonora)
CACTUS, RAINBOW (Echinocereus pectinatus) (6-2-11) bog hole, scc,az -02 (5791622725).jpg Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.) Engelm.
  • Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. pectinatus
  • Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. rutowiorum W.Blum
  • Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. wenigeri (L.D.Benson) W.Blum & Rutow
 Mexico.
Echinocereus relictus.jpg Echinocereus relictus Wellard Utah
Pulchellus N.P.Taylor (1985) Echinocereus acanthosetus (S.Arias & U.Guzmán) Gómez-Quintero & Dan.Sánchez Mexico
Echinocereus adustus ssp. roemerianus.jpg Echinocereus adustus Engelm.
  • Echinocereus adustus subsp. adustus
  • Echinocereus adustus subsp. roemerianus W.Rischer
  • Echinocereus adustus subsp. schwarzii (A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor
 Mexico (Chihuahua)
Echinocereus knippelianus.jpg Echinocereus knippelianus Liebner Mexico (SE. Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí).
Echinocereus laui.JPG Echinocereus laui G.Frank Mexico (E. Sonora, Chihuahua)
Echinocereus pamanesiorum.jpg Echinocereus pamanesii A.B.Lau
  • Echinocereus pamanesii subsp. bonatzii (R.C.Römer) R.C.Römer
  • Echinocereus pamanesii subsp. pamanesii
 Mexico (Zacatecas)
Echinocereus amoenus PICT2032.JPG Echinocereus pulchellus (Mart.) K.Schum. Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla)
Echinocereus schereri (1).jpg Echinocereus schereri G.Frank Mexico (Durango).
Echinocereus sharpii (N.P.Taylor) Dan.Sánchez & Gómez-Quintero Mexico (Nuevo León)
Echinocereus weinbergii (7216339810).jpg Echinocereus weinbergii Weing.
  • Echinocereus weinbergii subsp. venustus (W.Blum & W.Rischer) Gómez-Quintero & Dan.Sánchez
  • Echinocereus weinbergii subsp. weinbergii
 Mexico (Jalisco)
Reichenbachii N.P.Taylor (1985) Echinocereus bristolii.jpg Echinocereus bristolii W.T.Marshall Mexico (Sonora)
Echinocereus chisoensis var fobeanus pm 01.jpg Echinocereus chisosensis W.T.Marshall
  • Echinocereus chisosensis subsp. chisosensis
  • Echinocereus chisosensis subsp. fobeanus (Oehme) N.P.Taylor
 Texas to Mexico
Echinocereus grandis Britton & Rose Mexico (Islands de las Animas)
Echinocereus palmeri 02.jpg Echinocereus palmeri Britton & Rose
  • Echinocereus palmeri subsp. mazapil H.M.Hern. & Gómez-Hin.
  • Echinocereus palmeri subsp. palmeri
 Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango)
Echinocereus primolanatus.jpg Echinocereus primolanatus Fritz Schwarz ex N.P.Taylor Mexico (to Jalisco).
Echinocereus pseudopectinatus (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor Arizona to Mexico (NE. Sonora)
Echinocereus reichenbachii.jpg Echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck ex Walp.) J.N.Haage
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. armatus (Poselger) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. baileyi (Rose) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. burrensis G.Frank, Metorn & E.Scherer
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. fitchii (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. perbellus (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. reichenbachii
 Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas; Mexico
Echinocereus rigidissimus - Flickr - aspidoscelis (1).jpg Echinocereus rigidissimus (Engelm.) Rose
  • Echinocereus rigidissimus subsp. rigidissimus
  • Echinocereus rigidissimus subsp. rubispinus (G.Frank & A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor
 New Mexico, Arizona and N. Mexico
Echinocereus sciurus pm.jpg Echinocereus sciurus (K.Brandegee) Dams
  • Echinocereus sciurus subsp. floresii (Schwarz ex Backeb.) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus sciurus subsp. sciurus
 Mexico (S. Baja California Sur)
Echinocereus scopulorum.jpg Echinocereus scopulorum Britton & Rose Mexico (to Nayarit)
Echinocer spinigemmatus 140608 4324-a.jpg Echinocereus spinigemmatus A.B.Lau Mexico (NW. Jalisco, W. Zacatecas)
Echinocereus stoloniferus.jpg Echinocereus stolonifer W.T.Marshall
  • Echinocereus stolonifer subsp. stolonifer
  • Echinocereus stolonifer subsp. tayopensis (W.T.Marshall) N.P.Taylor
 Mexico (SE. Sonora, Sinaloa)
Echinocereus subinermis.JPG Echinocereus subinermis Salm-Dyck ex Scheer
  • Echinocereus subinermis subsp. ochoterenae (J.G.Ortega) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus subinermis subsp. subinermis
 Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, SW. Chihuahua, Durango)
Echinocereus websterianus (6050284589).jpg Echinocereus websterianus G.E.Linds. Mexico (Sonora: Island San Pedro Nolasco)
Triglochidiata Bravo 1973 Echinocereus polyacanthus ssp acifer pm 01.JPG Echinocereus acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) Jacobi Mexico
Echinocereus triglochidiatus arizonicus flower.jpg Echinocereus arizonicus Rose ex Orcutt
  • Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. arizonicus
  • Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. matudae (Bravo) Rutow
  • Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. nigrihorridispinus W.Blum & Rutow
 Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
Echinocereus bakeri W.Blum, Oldach & J.Oldach Arizona, Nevada, Utah
Echinocereus coccineus - Flickr - aspidoscelis (4).jpg Echinocereus coccineus Engelm.
  • Echinocereus coccineus subsp. coccineus
  • Echinocereus coccineus subsp. paucispinus (Engelm.) W.Blum, Mich.Lange & Rutow
  • Echinocereus coccineus subsp. rosei (Wooton & Standl.) W.Blum & Rutow
 New Mexico and Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua)
Echinocereus gurneyi (L.D.Benson) W.Blum, Oldach & J.Oldach Texas.
Echinocereus ortegae 01.jpg Echinocereus ortegae Rose
  • Echinocereus ortegae subsp. koehresianus (G.Frank) W.Rischer & G.Frank
  • Echinocereus ortegae subsp. ortegae
 Mexico
Echinocereus mombergerianus.jpg Echinocereus pacificus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose
  • Echinocereus pacificus subsp. mombergerianus (G.Frank) W.Blum, W.Rischer & Rutow
  • Echinocereus pacificus subsp. pacificus
 Mexico (Baja California)
Cactus plant in park.jpg Echinocereus polyacanthus Engelm. Mexico (Chihuahua to Jalisco).
Echinocereus scheeri var obscuriensis 01.jpg Echinocereus salm-dyckianus Scheer Mexico (E. Sonora to W. Chihuahua)
Echinocereus santaritensis W.Blum & Rutow
  • Echinocereus santaritensis subsp. bacanorensis (W.Rischer & Trocha) W.Rischer & D.Felix
  • Echinocereus santaritensis subsp. santaritensis
 Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua)
Echinocereus scheeri (9322654148).jpg Echinocereus scheeri (Salm-Dyck) Scheer
  • Echinocereus scheeri subsp. gentryi (Clover) N.P.Taylor
  • Echinocereus scheeri subsp. scheeri
 Mexico (E. Sonora to W. Durango)
Claretcup Cactus (51203595470).jpg Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.
  • Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. mojavensis (Engelm. & J.M.Bigelow) W.Blum & Mich.Lange
  • Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. triglochidiatus
 Colorado to New Mexico and NW. Mexico.
Echinocereus yavapaiensis M.A.Baker Arizona
Wilcoxia (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor (1985) Echinocereus kroenleinii (Mich.Lange) W.Blum & Waldeis Mexico (Coahuila)
Echinocereus leucanthus.jpg Echinocereus leucanthus N.P.Taylor Mexico (NW. Sonora, NW. Sinaloa)
Echinocereus poselgeri.jpg Echinocereus poselgeri Lem. Texas to NE. Mexico.
Wilcoxia schmollii.jpg Echinocereus schmollii (Weing.) N.P.Taylor Mexico (SE. Querétaro to Hidalgo)
Echinocereus waldeisii.jpg Echinocereus waldeisii Haugg Mexico (San Luis Potosí)

Natural Hybrids

Image Scientific name Subspecies Distribution
Echinocereus ×kunzei Gürke ( E. coccineus × E. dasyacanthus.) New Mexico
Echinocereus × neomexicanus.jpg Echinocereus ×neomexicanus Standl. (E. chloranthus × E. coccineus subsp. rosei. ) Mexico (Chihuahua)
Succu Echinocereus coccineus SB243 01.jpg Echinocereus ×roetteri (Engelm.) Engelm. (E. coccineus × E. dasyacanthus)
  • Echinocereus ×roetteri var. lloydii (Britton & Rose) Backeb.
  • Echinocereus ×roetteri var. neomexicanus (J.M.Coult.) A.D.Zimmerman
 New Mexico to SW. Texas and Mexico (Chihuahua)

Formerly placed here

  • Echinopsis candicans (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) F.A.C.Weber ex D.R.Hunt (as E. candicans (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Rümpler)[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Genus: Echinocereus Engelm.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-13. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4097. 
  2. ↑ "Echinocereus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19803. 
  3. ↑ "Echinopsis (Hedgehog Cacti)". Cactus and Succulent Society of Australia. http://cssaustralia.org.au/content/view/72/104/. 
  4. ↑ Sánchez, D., Grego-Valencia, D., Terrazas, T., & Arias, S. (2015). How and why does the areole meristem move in Echinocereus (Cactaceae)?. Annals of Botany, 115(1), 19-26.
  5. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4097 (11 October 2012).
  6. ↑ Hernández‐Hernández, T., Hernández, H. M., De‐Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L. E., & Magallón, S. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). American journal of botany, 98(1), 44-61.
  7. ↑ Arakaki, M., Christin, P. A., Nyffeler, R., Lendel, A., Eggli, U., Ogburn, R. M., ... & Edwards, E. J. (2011). Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8379-8384.
  8. ↑ "Echinocereus Engelm. - Plants of the World Online". 2021-07-08. http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000027-2. 
  9. ↑ "GRIN Species Records of Echinocereus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?4097. 

Further reading

  • Fischer, Pierre C. 70 Common Cacti of the Southwest. City unknown: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1989.
  • Anderson, Miles (1998). The Ultimate Book of Cacti and Succulents. ISBN:1-85967-460-7. Lorenz Books.
  • Innes C, Wall B (1995). Cacti' Succulents and Bromaliads. Cassell & The Royal Horticultural Society.
  • Anderson, Edward F. : "The Cactus Family" (2001)
  • Taylor, Nigel P.: The Genus Echinocereus. Kew Magazine Monograph, Timber Press 1985, ISBN:0-88192-052-5
  • Blum, Lange, Rischer & Rutow: Echinocereus, (1998)

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q311156 entry



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