Biology:Electronarcosis
Electronarcosis, also called electric stunning or electrostunning, is a profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain.[1] Electronarcosis may be used as a form of electrotherapy in treating certain mental illnesses in humans,[2] or may be used to render livestock unconscious prior to slaughter.[3]
History
In 1902, Stephen Leduc discovered he could produce a narcotic-like state in animals, and eventually, he tried it on himself, where he remained conscious but unable to move in a dream-like state.[4]
In 1951, an American psychiatrist Hervey M. Cleckley published a paper on the results of treating 110 patients having anxiety neuroses with electronarcosis therapy. He argued that patients may benefit from electronarcosis after other treatments have failed.[5]
A 1974 paper discussed the advantage of using electronarcosis for short-term general anesthesia. Researchers achieved electronarcosis by applying 180 mA at a frequency of 500 Hertz to the mastoid part of the temporal bone.[6]
Phases
Electronarcosis results in a condition similar to an epileptic seizure, with the three phases called tonic, clonic, and recovery.
- During the tonic phase, the patient or animal collapses and becomes rigid.
- During the clonic, muscles relax and some movement occurs.
- During recovery, the patient or animal becomes aware.
Livestock
Electronarcosis is one of the methods used to render animals unconscious before slaughter and unable to feel pain. Electronarcosis may be followed immediately by electrocution or by bleeding.
Modern electronarcosis is typically performed by applying 200 volts of high frequency alternating current of about 1500 hertz for 3 seconds to the animal's head. A high-frequency current is alleged[by whom?] to not be felt as an electric shock or cause skeletal muscle contractions.[citation needed] A wet animal will pass a current of over an ampere. If other procedures do not follow electronarcosis, the animal will usually recover.[3]
Studies have been used to determine optimal parameters for effective electronarcosis.[7]
See also
- Electrical stunning
- Louise G. Rabinovitch Used electricity on patients as an analgesic.
- Electro-immobilisation
References
- ↑ "Electronarcosis". United States Department of Health and Human Service. 2018. https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004580. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's medical dictionary. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster Inc. 1995. ISBN 0-87779-914-8. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877799146. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Electrical Stunning of Red Meat Animals". Humane Slaughter Association. https://www.hsa.org.uk/downloads/publications/electricalstunningdownload.pdf. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ↑ Helliwell, P. J. (1950). "ELECTRONARCOSIS". Anaesthesia 5 (4): 166–170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1950.tb12679.x. ISSN 0003-2409. PMID 14783273.
- ↑ Estes, Marion M.; Cleckley, Hervey M. (1951). "Electronarcosis in a General Hospital". American Journal of Psychiatry 107 (11): 814–820. doi:10.1176/ajp.107.11.814. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 14829604.
- ↑ Negovsky, V.A.; Tabak, V.Ya.; Pechkin, Ye.N. (1974). "Short-term electronarcosis: a new method of general anaesthesia for defibrillation". Resuscitation 3 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1016/0300-9572(74)90011-2. ISSN 0300-9572. PMID 4467275.
- ↑ Barbosa, RL; Adamczuk, GO; Dvojatzki, P; Trentin, MG; Lima, JD (2016). "Efficiency of Electrical Stunning by Electronarcosis: Current Situation and Perspective of Improvement in a Medium-Size Processing Plant". Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 18 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0113. ISSN 1516-635X.
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