Biology:Enterococcus gallinarum
| Enterococcus gallinarum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Enterococcaceae |
| Genus: | Enterococcus |
| Species: | E. gallinarum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984[1]
| |
| Type strain | |
| PB21[2] | |
Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus.[3] E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin. Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins.[4] That is a separate mechanism than the vancomycin resistance seen in VRE isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis which is mediated by vanA or vanB.[5] This species is known to cause clusters of infection, although it considered very rare.[6] It is the only other known enterococcal species besides E. faecium and E. faecalis known to cause outbreaks and spread in hospitals.[7]
A study published in 2018 found that this infectious gut bacterium can translocate (spread) to other organs such as the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, triggering an autoimmune reaction in humans and mice. E. gallinarum was found during three liver biopsies of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune liver disease. The autoimmune reaction was found to be suppressed when an intramuscular vaccine or antibiotic was administered.[8][9]
The bacterium can also cause meningitis, although rare[10] and sepsis.[11]
The antibiotics linezolid,[10] daptomycin and gentamicin,[11] levofloxacin, and penicillin G are effective against the bacteria, depending on the specific isolate.[11]
References
- ↑ "Species: Enterococcus gallinarum" (in en). LPSN.DSMZ.de. https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/enterococcus-gallinarum.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Taylor, Dorothea; Garrity, George M. (2010). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. eds. Taxonomy of the species Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984. doi:10.1601/tx.5537.
- ↑ "Enterococcus gallinarum endocarditis occurring on native heart valves". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (6): 2308–10. June 2002. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.6.2308-2310.2002. PMID 12037119.
- ↑ Cohen, Jon; Opal, Steven M.; Powderly, William G. (2010). "Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria". Infectious Diseases. Mosby/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-04579-7.
- ↑ "Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14 (4): 836–71, table of contents. October 2001. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.4.836-871.2001. PMID 11585788.
- ↑ The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. 2002. ISBN 978-1-55581-234-8.
- ↑ Bennett, John E; Dolin, Raphael; Blaser, Martin J (2014-08-28). "Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (8th ed.). ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
- ↑ "Gut microbe drives autoimmunity". 2018-03-26. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gut-microbe-drives-autoimmunity.
- ↑ Kashef, Ziba (2018-03-08). "The enemy within: Gut bacteria drive autoimmune disease". https://news.yale.edu/2018/03/08/enemy-within-gut-bacteria-drive-autoimmune-disease.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The first case report of Enterococcus gallinarum meningitis in neonate: A literature review". Medicine 97 (7): e9875. February 2018. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009875. PMID 29443752.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "A febrile neutropenic patient with Enterococcus gallinarum sepsis treated with daptomycin and gentamicin". Pharmacotherapy 27 (6): 927–32. June 2007. doi:10.1592/phco.27.6.927. PMID 17542774.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q5380225 entry
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