Biology:Entylia carinata
| Entylia carinata | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Membracidae |
| Genus: | Entylia |
| Species: | E. carinata
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| Binomial name | |
| Entylia carinata (Forster, 1771)
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Entylia carinata, commonly known as the keeled treehopper, is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae. They can be found in Brazil, Panama, Mexico, the United States, and Canada.[1][2][3][4] Keeled treehoppers are often attended by ants which feed on the honeydew they excrete. In return, the ants offer protection from predators.[5] Keeled treehoppers typically feed on plants in the aster family and they are not known to transmit plant diseases and are not considered significant plant pests.[5]
Biology
Life cycle
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As adults, keeled treehoppers spend the winter months in leaf litter and debris, finally emerging in March.[5] They begin to reproduce and implant their eggs on aster leafs.[5] During this time of year plants produce vulnerable growth and soft tissues which make it an optimal time to embed their eggs.[5] Occasionally the laid eggs cause the leaf to fold over, forming a protected environment for the nymphs to develop in once they hatch.[5]
Behavior
Keeled treehoppers mothers exhibit parental care and spend time protecting their egg masses.[5] They are phloem feeders, and their diet consists of liquids extracted from plants.[6] Plant sap, while a convenient material to feed on, is lacking in many different nutrients including essential amino acids.[7] Because their food source is so nutrient poor, keeled treehoppers rely on gut symbionts in order to supplement their diet.[6]
Host plants
Keeled treehoppers can be found on plants such as asters, baccharis, fleabane, goldenrod, sunflowers, oaks, dogwood, solanum, dahlias, and many more.[5] However, they exhibit a preference for plants in the family Asteraceae.[5]
Geographic distribution
These insects can be found in Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America.[4]
Morphology
Keeled treehoppers have unique saddle shaped keels, and are small and brown.[5] The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, females are typically 1/4 of an inch (6.35 mm) long with more pronounced keels while males are smaller, and their keels less noticeable.[5] On occasion, males appear so different that they are misidentified.[5]
Symbiosis
Like many other species in the family Membracidae, keeled treehoppers have ant-tending mutualism.[6] Ants care for both nymphs and adults.[8] The ant species known to live symbiotically with keeled treehoppers are Camponotus ferrugineus, Formica subsericea, Prenolepis imparis, Tapinoma sessile, and Camponotus pennsylvanicus.[8] Ants feed on treehopper honeydew and assist the treehoppers fending off predators and facilitating feeding.[9] Honeydew feeding not only benefits ants, but also prevents nymphs from becoming trapped in the sticky material and sooty molds from growing on the host plants.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ "Entylia carinata species details". http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/4b1f5676993f3ab21357ed879c30b7f4. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ↑ "Entylia carinata". https://www.gbif.org/species/2021152. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ↑ "Entylia carinata Species Information". https://bugguide.net/node/view/10205. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Entylia carinata Overview". http://eol.org/pages/3697606/overview. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 "Keeled Treehopper". NC State University. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/ientylia-carinatai-the-keeled-treehopper. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mao, Meng; Yang, Xiushuai; Bennett, Gordon (2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Entylia carinata (Hemiptera: Membracidae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B 1 (1): 662–663. doi:10.1080/23802359.2016.1219629. ISSN 2380-2359. PMID 33473588.
- ↑ Mao, Meng; Yang, Xiushuai; Poff, Kirsten; Bennett, Gordon (June 2017). "Comparative Genomics of the Dual-Obligate Symbionts from the Treehopper, Entylia carinata (Hemiptera: Membracidae), Provide Insight into the Origins and Evolution of an Ancient Symbiosis" (in en). Genome Biology and Evolution 9 (6): 1803–1815. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx134. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 28854637.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Flynn, Dawn; Elliott, Todd F.; Stanley, Allein (2018-11-02). "New host record for Entylia carinata (Forster) (Hemiptera: Membracidae)" (in en). Insecta Mundi. https://journals.flvc.org/mundi/article/view/0664.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Morales, Manuel A. (2000). "Mechanisms and Density Dependence of Benefit in an Ant–Membracid Mutualism" (in en). Ecology 81 (2): 482–489. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0482:MADDOB2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 1939-9170. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658%282000%29081%5B0482%3AMADDOB%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Further reading
- Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q10485003 entry
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