Biology:Eupatorium cannabinum

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Short description: Species of plant

Eupatorium cannabinum
IJmuiden, Netherlands
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Eupatorium
Species:
E. cannabinum
Binomial name
Eupatorium cannabinum
Synonyms[1]

Eupatorium cannabinum, commonly known as hemp-agrimony,[2][3] is a herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a robust perennial native to Europe, Northwestern Africa, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, the Caucasus and Central Asia,[4][5][6] and grows in damp to wet habitats (also rarely on dry soils), usually in lowlands but known up to 410 m altitude in Britain.[2][7] It is cultivated as an ornamental plant and occasionally found as a garden escape in scattered locations in China,[8] the United States and Canada.[9][10] It is extremely attractive to butterflies, much like buddleia.[11]

If the genus Eupatorium is defined in a restricted sense (about 42 species), E. cannabinum is the only species of that genus native to Europe, with the remainder in Asia or North America.[12]

Description

Eupatorium cannabinum is a perennial herb up to 1.75 metres (5.7 feet) tall forming extensive clumps, with the reddish stems covered in small hairs.[7] The leaves are opposite, deeply 3-lobed, occasionally 5-lobed, and have serrated margins.[3][7] It is dioecious, with racemes of mauve flower heads which are pollinated by insects from July to early September. The flowers are visited by many types of insects, and have a generalised pollination syndrome.[13] The flower heads are composed of dense clusters of 2–5 mm long florets of fluffy appearance, and can be pink or purple, or rarely whitish.[7] The fruit is an achene about 2 or 3 mm long, borne by a pappus with hairs 3 to 5 mm long, which is distributed by the wind. The plant over-winters as a hemicryptophyte.[12]

Leaf

Taxonomy

Two subspecies are accepted by some authorities,[14] but are not considered distinct by the Plants of the World Online database:[4]

  • Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. cannabinum - most of species range
  • Eupatorium cannabinum L. subsp. corsicum (Req. ex Loisel.) P.Fourn. - Corsica, Sardinia, Basilicata, Apulia

Toxicity

Eupatorium cannabinum contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[15] The alkaloids may be present in the plant material as their N-oxides.[16]

Folk medicine

E. cannabinum, known locally by the Nepali names of Banmara and Kalijhar, is used as a styptic in the folk medicine of the Indian state of Sikkim in the Eastern Himalayas (to which the plant is not native, but an introduction).[17][4]

The leaves and tender stems are crushed fresh and the juice is applied to cuts and bruises. Sometimes, when the wound is large, the squeezed remains of the plant are placed over the wound in the form of a poultice. The bleeding stops immediately and the wound is protected from infection. [17]

  • White flowers
    White flowers

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Eupatorium cannabinum L.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum L.". https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.xwb. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Streeter, David (2010). Flower Guide. London: Collins. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-00-718389-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Eupatorium cannabinum L.". 2018-08-08. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:205581-1. 
  5. ↑ "Eupatorium cannabinum [Canapa acquatica"] (in it). https://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=eupatorium+cannabinum. 
  6. ↑ "Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them", p 359. Könemann, 2004. ISBN 3-8331-1253-0
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Blamey, Marjorie; Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 394. ISBN 0-340-40170-2. 
  8. ↑ Flora of China, Eupatorium cannabinum Linnaeus, 1753. 大麻叶泽兰 da ma ye ze lan
  9. ↑ "Eupatorium cannabinum". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023930. 
  10. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  11. ↑ Wildlife Trusts - Hemp Agrimony
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schmidt, Gregory J.; Schilling, Edward E. (2000). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data". Am. J. Bot. 87 (5): 716–726. doi:10.2307/2656858. PMID 10811796. 
  13. ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2016). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273158762. 
  14. ↑ "Eupatorium cannabinum". https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4d57465c-91ba-4c90-bfb0-bb984b3ca7c3. 
  15. ↑ Fu, P.P.; Yang, Y.-C.; Xia, Q.; Chou, M.W.; Cui, Y.Y.; Lin, G. (2020). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids – tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10 (4): 8. doi:10.38212/2224-6614.2743. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265873732. 
  16. ↑ Woerdenbag, H. J. (October 1986). "Eupatorium cannabinum L." (in en). Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition 8 (5): 245–251. doi:10.1007/bf01960068. ISSN 0167-6555. PMID 3537953. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Rai, Lalitkumar and Sharma, Eklabyar Medicinal Plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Status, Uses and Potential, pub. Govind Ballabh Pant Inst. Bishen Singh & Mahendra Pal Singh 1994 page 39.

Wikidata ☰ Q744339 entry



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