Biology:Fredinandcohnia
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| Genus: | Fredinandcohnia Gupta et al. 2020
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Fredinandcohnia is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that generally display Gram-positive staining in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales.[1][2] The type species for this genus is Fredinandcohnia humi.[3]
Fredinandcohnia comprises species originally belonging to the genus Bacillus, whose polyphyletic nature has long been recognized as an issue by the scientific community.[4][5] The vague nature of the criteria used to assign species into Bacillus resulted in a large genus full of unrelated organisms with a diverse range of biochemical characteristics.[6] Multiple phylogenetic studies have been conducted to clarify the taxonomy of this genus, resulting in the transfer of many species into novel genera such as Virgibacillus, Solibacillus, Brevibacillus and Ectobacillus.[7][8][9][1] Recently, Bacillus has been restricted only include species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.[10][1]
The name Fredinandcohnia was chosen to celebrate the German biologist Professor Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898), a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.[1]
Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures[1]
Members of the genus Fredinandcohnia are mainly aerobic, but some species are facultatively anaerobic. Cells are all motile and endospore-forming. Most members are salt-tolerant and are able to grow in environments containing 0-5% (w/v) NaCl. Species can be found in a variety of environments, such as soil, rice fields, human stool, air in caves and hypersaline lakes. Fredinandcohnia can survive in temperatures ranging from 5°C to 47°C, but optimal growth occurs in the range of 30-37°C.
Analysis of genome sequences have identified eight conserved signature indels (CSIs) which are specific for the members of this genus.[1] These conserved indels are present in the following proteins: triose-phosphate isomerase, ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase PrpE, 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase large subunit, GNAT family N-acetyltransferase, LTA synthase family protein, DNA-binding protein WhiA and nucleoside triphosphatase YtkD, and they provide reliable means to molecularly differentiate Fredinandcohnia from other Bacillaceae genera and bacteria.[1]
Taxonomy
As of May 2021, there are a total of 4 species with validly published names in the genus Ferdinandcohnia.[3] These members are found to group together on various phylogenetic trees created based on concatenated sequences from various datasets of conserved proteins and 16S rRNA genome sequences in a monophyletic branch.[1] This clade is also found in the tree constructed in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).[11]
In addition, 3 non-validly published species ("Bacillus nitroreducens", Bacillus sinesaloumensis" and "Bacillus timonensis") are also found to group reliably with members of the Fredinandcohnia genus, as well as share the same unique molecular markers.[1] However transfer of these species into the genus was not proposed due to the lack of culture strain information. In order to ensure proper classification of these species as well as any future identified species, it is essential to revisit the classification criteria when the appropriate data becomes available for analysis.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species" (in en). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33112222. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.004475.
- ↑ Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. et al., eds (2005). Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28022-7.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Genus: Fredinandcohnia" (in en). https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/fredinandcohnia.
- ↑ Logan, N.A. (2011-12-20). "Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness". Journal of Applied Microbiology 112 (3): 417–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 22121830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x.
- ↑ La Duc, Myron T; Satomi, Masataka; Agata, Norio; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri (March 2004). "gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group". Journal of Microbiological Methods 56 (3): 383–394. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004. ISSN 0167-7012. PMID 14967230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004.
- ↑ Ash, Carol; Farrow, J.A.E.; Wallbanks, Sally; Collins, M.D. (2008-06-28). "Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences". Letters in Applied Microbiology 13 (4): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x. ISSN 0266-8254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x.
- ↑ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999-07-01). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 49 (3): 1083–1090. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10425765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083.
- ↑ Shida, O.; Takagi, H.; Kadowaki, K.; Komagata, K. (1996-10-01). "Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov." (in en). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 46 (4): 939–946. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-4-939. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 8863420. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-939.
- ↑ Mual, Poonam; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Verma, Ashish; Schumann, Peter; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Dastager, Syed; Mayilraj, Shanmugam (2016-05-01). "Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009" (in en). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66 (5): 2113–2120. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000982. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 26907585. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000982.
- ↑ Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov." (in en). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 31617837. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.003775.
- ↑ "GTDB - Tree". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/tree?r=d__Bacteria.
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