Biology:Virgibacillus

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Virgibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Bacillota. Virgibacillus species can be obligate aerobes (oxygen reliant), or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval or ellipsoidal endospores in terminal, or sometimes subterminal, swollen sporangia. The genus was recently reclassified from the genus Bacillus in 1998 following an analysis of the species V. pantothenticus.[1] Subsequently, a number of new species have been discovered or reclassified as Virgibacillus species.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[10]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[11][12][13] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[14][15][16]
 
 
 
 

Sinibacillus

 
 

Pseudogracilibacillus

 
 
 
 
 

Ornithinibacillus gellani

 
 
 

Cerasibacillus

 
 
 

Tigheibacillus halophilus (An et al. 2007) Miliotis et al. 2024

 
 

Virgibacillus soli Kämpfer et al. 2011

 
 
 
 
 
 
Virgibacillus~2
 
 

V. kekensis Chen et al. 2008

 
 
 

V. litoralis Chen et al. 2012

 
 
 

V. salinus Carrasco, Marquez & Ventosa 2009

 
 

V. subterraneus Wang, Xue & Ma 2010

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. oceani Yin et al. 2015

 
 
 

V. byunsanensis Yoon et al. 2010

 
 
 

V. flavescens Zhang et al. 2016

 
 
 

V. arcticus Niederberger et al. 2009

 
 
 

V. phasianinus Tak et al. 2018

 
 
 

V. carmonensis Heyrman et al. 2003

 
 

V. necropolis Heyrman et al. 2003

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Oceanobacillus halotolerans

 
 

Lentibacillus saliphilus

 
 
 
 

Lentibacillus~

 
 
 
 

Virgibacillus siamensis Tanasupawat et al. 2011

 
 

Lentibacillus sediminis

 
 
 

Lentibacillus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Virgibacillus halodenitrificans (Denariaz, Payne & Le Gall 1989) Yoon, Oh & Park 2004

 
 
Oceanobacillus~1
 

Oceanobacillus kapialis Namwong et al. 2009

 
 

Oceanobacillus picturae (Heyrman et al. 2003) Lee et al. 2006

 
 
 
 
 
Virgibacillus
 
 

V. pantothenticus

 
 
 

V. chiguensis

 
 

V. dokdonensis

 
 
 
 
 

V. proomii

 
 
 
 

V. salexigens

 
 
 

V. massiliensis Khelaifia et al. 2023

 
 

V. kapii Daroonpunt et al. 2016

 
 
 
 
 
 

V. kimchii Oh et al. 2021

 
 
 

V. sediminis

 
 

V. xinjiangensis

 
 
 
 
 

V. marismortui (Arahal et al. 1999) Heyrman et al. 2003

 
 
 

V. olivae Quesada et al. 2007

 
 

V. salarius Hua et al. 2008

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Virgibacillus~3
 

V. halotolerans Seiler & Wenning 2013

 
 
 
 

V. jeotgali Sundararaman et al. 2017

 
 

V. natechei Amziane et al. 2016

 
 
 
 

V. alimentarius Kim et al. 2011

 
 

V. campisalis Lee et al. 2012

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Virgibacillus~4
 

V. indicus Xu et al. 2018

 
 

V. profundi Xu et al. 2018

 
 
 
 

other

 
 
 
 

other

 
 
 
 
 
 

Virgibacillus alimentarius [incl. Virgibacillus campisalis]

 
 
 
 
 

Lentibacillus_C

 
 
Virgibacillus_E & F
 
 

"Virgibacillus ndiopensis" Francis et al. 2019

 
 

Virgibacillus oceani

 
 
 
 

Virgibacillus phasianinus

 
 

Virgibacillus necropolis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Oceanobacillus halotolerans

 
 

Lentibacillus [incl. "Virgibacillus ihumii", Virgibacillus siamensis,
"Virgibacillus doumboii", Virgibacillus litoralis, Virgibacillus subterraneus]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ornithinibacillus gellani

 
 

Cerasibacillus

 
 
 

Ornithinibacillus

 
 
 
 
Virgibacillus
 
 
 

V. indicus

 
 

V. profundi

 
 
 
 

V. halotolerans

 
 
 

V. natechei

 
 

Lentibacillus sediminis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

V. halodenitrificans

 
 
 

"Oceanobacillus manasiensis"

 
 

Oceanobacillus jordanicus

 
 
 
 
 

V. salarius

 
 
 

V. salexigens

 
 
 

V. proomii

 
 
 

V. pantothenticus

 
 
 

V. chiguensis

 
 

V. dokdonensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

other

 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1998). "Virgibacillus: A new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 48: 99–106. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-1-99. 
  2. ↑ Kampfer, P.; Arun, A. B.; Busse, H. - J.; Langer, S.; Young, C. - C.; Chen, W. - M.; Syed, A. A.; Rekha, P. D. (2010). "Virgibacillus soli sp. nov., isolated from mountain soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (2): 275–280. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.020974-0. PMID 20228217. 
  3. ↑ Kim, J.; Jung, M. -J.; Roh, S. W.; Nam, Y. -D.; Shin, K. -S.; Bae, J. -W. (2011). "Virgibacillus alimentarius sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Korean food". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (12): 2851–2855. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.028191-0. PMID 21239563. 
  4. ↑ Lee, S. -Y.; Kang, C. -H.; Oh, T. -K.; Yoon, J. -H. (2011). "Virgibacillus campisalis sp. nov., from a marine solar saltern". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62 (2): 347–351. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033084-0. PMID 21441379. 
  5. ↑ Heyrman, J. (2003). "Virgibacillus carmonensis sp. nov., Virgibacillus necropolis sp. nov. And Virgibacillus picturae sp. nov., three novel species isolated from deteriorated mural paintings, transfer of the species of the genus Salibacillus to Virgibacillus, as Virgibacillus marismortui comb. Nov. And Virgibacillus salexigens comb. Nov., and emended description of the genus Virgibacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (2): 501–511. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02371-0. PMID 12710619. 
  6. ↑ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. And emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49 (3): 1083–90. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. PMID 10425765. 
  7. ↑ Yoon, J. -H. (2004). "Transfer of Bacillus halodenitrificans Denariaz et al. 1989 to the genus Virgibacillus as Virgibacillus halodenitrificans comb. Nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (6): 2163–2167. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63196-0. PMID 15545452. 
  8. ↑ Yoon, J. -H. (2005). "Virgibacillus dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from a Korean island, Dokdo, located at the edge of the East Sea in Korea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55 (5): 1833–1837. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63613-0. PMID 16166674. 
  9. ↑ A.C. Parte. "Virgibacillus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/virgibacillus. 
  10. ↑ C.L. Schoch. "Virgibacillus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=84406&lvl=3&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock. 
  11. ↑ "The LTP". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP. 
  12. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree. 
  13. ↑ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes". https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "GTDB release 09-RS220". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C. 
  15. ↑ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree. 
  16. ↑ "Taxon History". https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/. 

Wikidata ☰ Q16993429 entry