Biology:Ganesh Chaturthi

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Short description: Hindu religious festival


Ganesh Chaturthi
Lalbaugh Ganesha.jpg
Lalbaugcha Raja, Mumbai
Official nameChatur/Vinayaka Chaturthi/Vinayaka Chavithi
Also calledChavithi, Chouthi, Ganeshotsav
Observed byHindus
TypeReligious
CelebrationsChanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts, prayers, processions, idol immersion
Ends11 days after the start
2023 date19 September[1]
2024 date7 September[2]
FrequencyAnnual

Ganesh Chaturthi (ISO: Gaṇeśa Caturthī), also known as Vinayak Chaturthi (Vināyaka Caturthī) or Ganeshotsav (Gaṇeśōtsava), is a Hindu festival that tributes Hindu deity Ganesha.[3] The festival is marked with the installation of Ganesha's clay murtis (devotional representations of a deity) privately in homes and publicly on elaborate pandals (temporary stages). Observances include chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts, such as prayers and vrata (fasting).[3] Offerings and prasada from the daily prayers, that are distributed from the pandal to the community, include sweets such as modak as it is believed to be a favourite of Lord Ganesha.[4][5] The festival ends on the tenth day after start, when the Murti is carried in a public procession with music and group chanting, then immersed in a nearby body of water such as a river or sea, called visarjana on the day of Ananta Chaturdashi. In Mumbai alone, around 150,000 Murtis are immersed annually.[6] Thereafter the clay Murti dissolves and Ganesha is believed to return to his celestial abode.[3][7]

The festival celebrates Ganesha as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles as well as the god of wisdom and intelligence[8][9] and is observed throughout the Indian subcontinent by Hindus, especially in the states such as Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Goa, as well as Nepal.[3][10] Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in Australia , New Zealand, Canada , Singapore, Malaysia, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa ,[11] the United States , and Europe. In the Gregorian calendar, Ganesh Chaturthi falls between 22 August and 20 September every year.[7][12][13]

Although the origin of Ganesh Chaturthi remains unknown, it became increasingly popular after a public celebration was initiated by the prominent Anti-Colonial Freedom Fighter, Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in Maharashtra in the year 1893. It was a means to form a "Hindu nationalist identity" and rebel against British rule.[14] Reading of texts, feasting, athletic and martial arts competitions are held at public venues.[15]

History

Ganesha, Basohli miniature, circa 1730.

Ganesha

Further information: Biology:Ganesha

Though not alluding to the classical form of Ganapati, the earliest mention of Ganapati is found in the Rigveda. It appears twice in the Rigveda, once in shloka 2.23.1, as well as in shloka 10.112.9.[16][17][18] Both of these shlokas imply a role of Ganapati as "the seer among the seers, abounding beyond measure in food presiding among the elders and being the lord of an invocation", while the shloka in mandala 10 states that without Ganapati "nothing nearby or afar is performed without you", according to Michael.[16][19] However, it is uncertain that the Vedic term Ganapati which literally means "guardian of the multitudes", referred specifically to later era Ganesh, nor do the Vedic texts mention Ganesh Chaturthi.[20] It appears in post-Vedic texts such as the Grhya Sutras and thereafter ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Vajasaneyi Samhita, the Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Mahabharata mention Ganapati as Ganesvaras and Vinayak. Ganesh appears in the medieval Puranas in the form of "god of success, obstacle remover". The Skanda Purana, Narada Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, in particular, profusely praise him. [21] Beyond textual interpretations, archaeological and epigraphical evidence suggest Ganesha had become popular, was revered before the 8th century CE and numerous images of him are traceable to the 7th century or earlier.

For example, carvings at Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples such as at the Ellora Caves, dated between the 5th and 8th-century show Ganesha reverentially seated with major Hindu goddess (Shakti).[22]

Festival

Ganesh Agman

Although it is unknown when (or how) Ganesh Chaturthi was first observed,[23] the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of King Shivaji (1630–1680, founder of the Maratha Empire).[23][better source needed] The Peshwa in the 18th century were devotees of Ganesha and started as a public Ganesh festival in their capital city of Pune during the month of Bhadrapad.[24] After the start of the British Raj, the Ganesh festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in Maharashtra until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak.[23][25] Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak,[26] championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892. Lokmanya Tilak started the festival in Pune and Girgaon, Mumbai. [27][28][29]

I followed with the greatest curiosity crowds who carried in procession an infinite number of idols of the God Ganesh. Each little quarter of the town, each family with its adherents, each little street corner I may almost say, organizes a procession of its own, and the poorest may be seen carrying on a simple plank their little idol or of paper mâché... A crowd, more or less numerous, accompanies the idol, clapping hands and raises cries of joy, while a little orchestra generally precedes the idol.
– Angelo de Gubernatis, Bombay Gazette (1886)[30][31]

According to others such as Kaur, the festival became a public event later, in 1892 when Bhausaheb Laxman Javale (also known as Bhau Rangari), installed the first sarvajanik (public) Ganesha idol in Pune.[32] In 1893, the Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak praised the celebration of Sarvajanik Ganesh Utsav in his newspaper, Kesari, and dedicated his efforts to launch the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organised public event.[33] Tilak recognised Ganesh's appeal as "the god for everybody",[34] and according to Robert Brown, he chose Ganesha as the god that bridged "the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins", thereby building a grassroots unity across them to oppose British colonial rule.[35]

Other scholars state that the British Empire, after 1870 out of fear of seditious assemblies, had passed a series of ordinances that banned public assembly for social and political purposes of more than 20 people in British India, but exempted religious assembly for Friday mosque prayers under pressure from the Indian Muslim community. Tilak believed that this effectively blocked the public assembly of Hindus whose religion did not mandate daily prayers or weekly gatherings, and he leveraged this religious exemption to make Ganesh Chaturthi to circumvent the British colonial law on large public assembly.[26][27][29] He was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions in Bombay Presidency, and other celebratory events at the festival.[36]

God Ganesh: political obstacle remover

Why shouldn't we convert the large religious festivals
into mass political rallies?

—Lokmanya Tilak, Kesari, 8 September 1896[37]

[note 1]

According to Richard Cashman, Tilak recruited and passionately committed himself to god Ganesha after the 1893 Hindu-Muslim communal violence in Bombay and the Deccan riots, when he felt that the British India government under Lord Harris had repeatedly taken sides and not treated Hindus fairly because Hindus were not well organised.[42] In Tilak's estimate, Ganesha worship and processions were already popular in rural and urban Hindu populations, across social castes and classes in Baroda, Gwalior, Pune and most of the Maratha region in the 18th century.[43] In 1893, Tilak helped expand Ganesh Chaturthi festival into a mass community event and a hidden means for political activism, intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.[44]

In Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi predates the Kadamba era. The Goa Inquisition had banned Hindu festivals, and Hindus who did not convert to Christianity were severely restricted. However, Hindu Goans continued to practice their religion despite the restrictions. Many families worship Ganesha in the form of patri (leaves used for worshiping Ganesha or other gods), a picture is drawn on paper or small silver idols. In some households Ganesha idols are hidden, a feature unique to Ganesh Chaturthi in Goa due to a ban on clay Ganesha idols and festivals by the Jesuits as part of the Inquisition.[45]

Celebration in India

Man painting a Murti of Ganesh
Artist preparing Ganesha's image for the festival in Margao, Goa

In India, Ganesh Chaturthi is primarily celebrated at home and in public by local community groups in the central and western states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Goa and the southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and eastern states of West Bengal and Odisha and in North eastern state of Assam.

On the same day, Chaurchan festival is celebrated in Mithila region of Bihar which is related to Ganesha and the moon-god Chandra.[46][47]

The date for the festival is usually decided by the presence of Chaturthi Thithi. The festival is held during "Bhadrapada Madyahanaa Purvabaddha". If the Chaturthi Thiti begins at night on the previous day and gets over by morning on next day, then the next day is observed as Vinayaka Chaturthi. In the consecration ceremony, a priest performs a Prana Pratishtha to invite Ganesh like a guest. This is followed by the 16-step Shodashopachara ritual,[48] (Sanskrit: Shodash, 16; Upachara, process) during which coconut, jaggery, modaks, durva grass and red hibiscus (Jaswand) flowers[49] are offered to the idol. Depending on the region and time zone, the ceremony commences with hymns from the Rigveda, the Ganapati Atharvashirsa, the Upanishads and the Ganesh stotra (prayer) from the Narada Purana are chanted. In Maharashtra as well as Goa, aarti is performed with friends and family, typically in the morning and evening.

In preparation for the festival, artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale. The images (Murtis) range in size from 20 mm (3⁄4 in) for homes to over 20 m (70 ft) for large community celebrations.[50]

On the last day of the festival, the tradition of Ganesh visarjan or nimajjanam (lit. "immersion") takes places, when the Ganesha images are immersed in a river, sea or water body. On the last day, the devotees come out in processions carrying the idols of Ganesha, culminating in immersion. It is believed that the god who comes to the earthly realm on Ganesh Chaturthi, returns to his celestial abode after immersion. The celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi also denotes the significance of the cycle of birth, life and death. It is believed that when the idol of the Ganesha is taken out for immersion, it also takes away with it the various obstacles of the house and these obstacles are destroyed along with the immersion. Every year, people wait with great anticipation to celebrate the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi.[51]

Domestic celebration

A domestic celebration of Ganesh during Ganesh Chaturthi in a Maharashtrian home

In Maharashtra, Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Ganeshotsav. Families install small clay Murtis for worship during the festival.[52] At home, the festival preparation includes purchases such as puja items or accessories a few days in advance and booking the Ganesh murti as early as a month beforehand (from local artisans). The murti is brought home either a day before or on the day of the Ganesh Chaturthi itself. Families decorate a small, clean portion of the house with flowers and other colourful items before installing the idol. When the Murti is installed, it and its shrine are decorated with flowers and other materials. On the day of the festival, The ceremonial installation of the clay murti (idol) is done along with chants of holy mantras and pooja including bhajans during a certain auspicious period of the day. The Murti is worshipped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers, durva (strands of young grass), karanji and modaks (jaggery and coconut flakes wrapped in rice flour dumplings).[4][53] The worship ends with the singing of an aarti in honour of Ganesh, other Gods and Saints.

In Maharashtra the Marathi aarti "Sukhakarta Dukhaharta", composed by the 17th-century saint, Samarth Ramdas is sung.[54] Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration. Domestic celebrations end after ​1 1⁄2, 3, 5, 7 or 11 days. At that time the Murti is ceremoniously brought to a body of water (such as a lake, river or the sea) for immersion. In Maharashtra, Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely Hartalika and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi whilst the latter by the installation of Murtis of Gauris.[55] In some communities such as the Chitpavan, and the CKP, pebbles collected from river bank are installed as representations of Gauri.[56]

In Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chavath in Konkani and Parab or Parva ("auspicious celebration");[57] it begins on the third day of the lunar month of Bhadrapada. On this day Parvati and Shiva are worshipped by women, who fast.[58] Instruments such as ghumots, crash cymbals (ताळ(taal) in Konkani) and pakhavaj (an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum) are played during the rituals.[59] The harvest festival, Navyachi Pancham, is celebrated the next day; freshly harvested paddy is brought home from the fields (or temples) and a puja is conducted. Communities who ordinarily eat seafood refrain from doing so during the festival.[58]

In Karnataka the Gowri festival precedes Ganesh Chaturthi, and people across the state wish each other well. In Andhra Pradesh, Ganesh Murtis of clay (Matti Vinayakudu) and turmeric (Siddhi Vinayakudu) are usually worshipped at home with plaster of Paris Murti's.[citation needed]

Public celebration

Large Murti of Ganesh on the water, surrounded by people
Ganesh Visarjan in Mumbai
Head of a Musti of Ganesh
Ganpati idol in Pune

Public celebrations of the festival are popular and are organized by local youth groups, neighborhood associations, or groups of tradespeople. Funds for the public festival are collected from members of the association arranging the celebration, local residents and businesses.[60] The Ganesh idols and accompanying Musti are installed in temporary shelters, known as mandaps or pandals. Public preparations begin months in advance. The making of the Murti in Maharashtra usually begins with "Padya pooja" or worshipping the feet of Ganesh. The Murtis are brought to "pandals" on the day or a day before the festival begins. The pandals have elaborate decoration and lighting.[61]

The festival features cultural activities such as singing, theatre and orchestral performances and community activities such as free medical checkups, blood-donation sites and donations to the poor. Ganesh Chaturthi, in addition to its religious aspects, is an important economic activity in Mumbai , Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, Kolhapur, Aurangabad, Indore, Surat, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Kurnool. Many artists, industries, and businesses earn a significant amount of their living from the festival, which is a stage for budding artists. Members of other religions also participate in the celebration.[62][63][64]

In Tamil Nadu, the festival, also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi or Pillayar Chaturthi, falls on the fourth day after the new moon in the month of Āvaṇi in the Tamil calendar. The idols are usually made of clay or papier-mâché,[65] since Plaster of Paris idols have been banned by the state government,[66][67] but violations of this rule are often reported.[68] Idols are also made of coconuts and other organic products. They are worshipped for several days in pandals, and immersed in the Bay of Bengal the following Sunday. In Kerala the festival is also known as Lamboodhara Piranalu, which falls in the month of Chingam.[69] In Thiruvananthapuram a procession marches from the Pazhavangadi Ganapathi Temple to Shankumugham Beach, with tall Murti of Ganesha made from organic items and milk immersed in the sea.[70]

At prominent temples

At Varasidhi Vinayaka Swamy Temple in Kanipakam, Andhra Pradesh, annual brahmotsavams will be celebrated for 21 days starting from Vinayaka Chavithi day. The processional deity of Vinayaka (Ganesh) will be taken in a procession on different vahanams on these days amidst large number of pilgrims across the country.[71]

Celebration outside India

Ganesha Murthi are carried out into the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea, UK.
A devotee carries a box of Ganesha Murthi into the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea, UK.

In Pakistan, Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations are conducted by the Shri Maharashtra Panchayat, an organisation for Maharashtrians in Karachi.[72]

Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in the UK by the British Hindu population living there. The Hindu Culture and Heritage Society, a Southall-based organisation, celebrated Ganesh Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at the Vishwa Hindu Temple; and the idol was immersed in the River Thames at Putney Pier[citation needed]. Another celebration, organised by a Gujarati group, has been celebrated in Southend-on-Sea, and attracted an estimated 18,000 devotees.[73] Annual celebrations are also held on the River Mersey in Liverpool,[74][75] in the North Sea at Clacton-on-Sea,[76] and Caldecotte Lake in Milton Keynes.[77]

The Philadelphia Ganesh Festival is one of the most popular celebrations of Ganesh Chaturthi in North America,[78] and it is also celebrated in Canada (particularly in the Toronto area), Detroit Metropolitan area-Wayne State university, Mauritius, Malaysia and Singapore. The Mauritius festival dates back to 1896,[79] and the Mauritian government has made it a public holiday.[80] In Malaysia and Singapore, the festival is more commonly known as Vinayagar Chaturthi because of the large Tamil-speaking Hindu minority.[81]

In Ghana, ethnic African Hindus celebrate Ganesh Chaturti.[82]

Foods

Modaka are sweet dumplings, the traditional offerings and prasada in Ganesh Chaturthi. Left: steamed with fillings, Right: Fried

The primary sweet dish during the festival is modak (modak in Marathi and Konkani, modakam or kudumu in Telugu, modaka or kadubu in Kannada, kozhakatta or modakkam in Malayalam and kozhukattai or modagam in Tamil). A modak is a dumpling made from rice or wheat flour, stuffed with grated coconut, jaggery, dried fruits and other condiments and steamed or fried. Another popular sweet dish is the karanji (karjikai in Kannada), similar to modak in composition and taste but in a semicircular shape. This sweet meal is called Nevri in Goa and is synonymous with Ganesh festival amongst the Goans and the Konkani diaspora.[83]

In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana modak, laddu, vundrallu (steamed, coarsely ground rice-flour balls), panakam (a jaggery-, black pepper- and cardamom-flavoured drink), vadapappu (soaked moong lentils) and chalividi (a cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture) are offered to Ganesh. These offerings are known as naivedya, and a plate of modak traditionally holds 21 pieces of the sweet. In Goa, modak and a Goan version of idli (sanna) is popular.[84]

Panchakajjaya is an offering made to Lord Ganesh during this festival in parts of Karnataka. It is a mixture of desiccated coconut, roasted Bengal gram powder, sugar, ghee, and sesame. Different versions of panchakajjaya are made. Roasted Bengal gram, green gram, roasted chana dal (putani) or aval can be used.[85]

Environmental impact

The Madras High Court ruled in 2004 that immersion of Ganesh idols is unlawful because it incorporates chemicals that pollute the sea water.[86] In Goa the sale of plaster-of-Paris Ganesha idols has been banned by the state government and celebrants are encouraged to buy traditional, artisan-made clay idols.[87] Recent initiatives to produce traditional clay Ganesh idols in Hyderabad have been sponsored by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board.[88][89] Environmental concern is also making people in Gujarat to opt for Ganesh Idols made with a mixture of cow dung and clay. These are marketed as "Vedic Ganesh idols" by the organization making them.[90]

Due to environmental concerns, a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay Murtis disintegrate in a barrel of water at home. After a few days, the clay is spread in the garden. In some cities a public, eco-friendly process is used for the immersion.[91]

Gallery

Cultural depictions of Ganesh Chaturthi

  • A Ganesh idol in a home during the festival

  • GSB Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav Samiti Shree Ram Mandir, Wadala Mumbai

  • Procession of Lalbaugcha Raja in Mumbai

  • Procession in Pune

  • Procession in Surat

  • Immersion in sea, Chennai

  • Immersion of idols in Bengaluru

  • Celebration in Pune

  • Juinagarcha-Raja Navi Mumbai

  • Khasbag Raja Belgaum

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The transformation of Ganesh Chaturthi into a major annual religious and politically significant procession event started in 1894. According to Aslam Syed, the Ganesh Murti immersion ritual in the western states of India may have grown because the annual gathering and procession by Shia Muslims on Muharram was allowed by the colonial British government in the 19th and early 20th century, and after the ritual mourning of the death of the 7th century Imam, they would immerse Tazia (Taboots) into river or ocean.[38] The Hindus expanded their own Ganesh processions by walking through the streets, joyfully dancing and reciting their scriptural verses and ended their procession with a ceremonial immersion of Ganesh. The colonial British government attempted to introduce procession licence, to Muslims only, which Hindu leaders presented as evidence of discriminatory oppression by the Muslims and the British. The Hindu leaders such as Tilak defied any attempts to selectively stop the Hindu congregational gathering and processions associated with Ganesh Chaturthi.[38][39] The right to organise processions and immersion rituals of Tazia by Muslims, and Ganesh by Hindus, have remained a religious and equal rights issue ever since, particularly when the religious calendars overlap.[40][41]

References

  1. ↑ "National Portal of India". https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2022-08. 
  2. ↑ "Calendar| National Portal of India". https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2023-09. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Ganesh Chaturthi: Hindu Festival, Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Darra Goldstein (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. pp. 82, 254, 458. ISBN 978-0-19-931361-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ. 
  5. ↑ K. T. Achaya (2001). A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–69, 132. ISBN 978-0-19-565868-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ERHQAACAAJ. 
  6. ↑ "Ganesh Chaturthi 2019 in India – Dates & Map". 17 March 2023. https://rove.me/to/india/ganesh-chaturthi. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Patrick Taylor; Frederick I. Case (2013). The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions. University of Illinois Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-252-09433-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA332. 
  8. ↑ Heras 1972, p. 58.
  9. ↑ Getty 1936, p. 5.
  10. ↑ Lawrence A. Babb (1975). The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India. Columbia University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-231-08387-4. https://archive.org/details/divinehierarchy00lawr. 
  11. ↑ Ramesh Dutt Ramdoyal (1990). Festivals of Mauritius. Editions de l'Océan Indien. pp. 21–22. https://books.google.com/books?id=OB_gAAAAMAAJ. 
  12. ↑ "Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius". Mauritius Tourism Authority. http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/discover/festivals.html. 
  13. ↑ "Ganesh Chaturthi – CONCURSO FOTOGRÁFICO: MIGRACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y FRONTERAS". http://www.investigacion.cchs.csic.es/concursomigraciones/content/ganesh-chaturthi. 
  14. ↑ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002) (in en). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. Rosen. pp. 237, 697. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ. 
  15. ↑ Royina Grewal (2009). The Book of Ganesha. Penguin Books. pp. 143–146. ISBN 978-0-14-306760-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=0xzlP9CXUQsC&pg=PA143. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Michael 1983, pp. 99–102.
  17. ↑ Rigveda Mandala 2, shloka 2.23.1, Wikisource, Quote: गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् । ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥१॥; For translation, see Grimes (1995), pp. 17–19
  18. ↑ Sanskrit Original: नि षु सीद गणपते गणेषु त्वामाहुर्विप्रतमं कवीनाम् । नgdऋते त्वत्क्रियते किं चनारे महामर्कं मघवञ्चित्रमर्च ॥९॥ – Rigveda 10.112.9; Wikisource
  19. ↑ Alain Daniélou (1954), The meaning of Ganapati, The Adyar library bulletin X V III. Madras: The Sanvi!! Adyar Library, pp. 110–11
  20. ↑ Grimes 1995, pp. 17–19, 201.
  21. ↑ Michael 1983, pp. 107–09.
  22. ↑ Michael 1983, pp. 109–10.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia. Cosmo Publications. p. 2514. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7. 
  24. ↑ The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra; Edited By Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen, pp. 76–94 ("The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra: Some Observations" by Paul B. Courtright); 1988; SUNY Press; ISBN:088706664X
  25. ↑ Barnouw, Victor. “The Changing Character of a Hindu Festival.” American Anthropologist 56, no. 1 (1954): 74–86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Paul B. Courtright (1985). Ganesa. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–37. ISBN 978-0-19-503572-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=YXnXAAAAMAAJ. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Trimbak Vishnu Parvate (1958). Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life, Career and Contemporary Events. Navajivan. pp. 96–102. https://books.google.com/books?id=lqE9AAAAMAAJ. 
  28. ↑ Sohoni, Ashutosh (2011). "Ganesh Temple at Tasgaon: Apotheosis of Maratha Temple Architecture". South Asian Studies (Informa UK Limited) 27 (1): 51–73. doi:10.1080/02666030.2011.556011. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 178–80. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA178. 
  30. ↑ Richard I. Cashman (1975). The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-520-02407-6. https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich. 
  31. ↑ Robin Jeffrey (1990). India: rebellion to republic, selected writings 1857–1990. Stirling. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-8120711075. https://books.google.com/books?id=-rcyAAAAIAAJ. 
  32. ↑ Kaur, R. (2003). Performative politics and the cultures of Hinduism: Public uses of religion in western India. Anthem Press, pp. 38–48.
  33. ↑ Metcalf, Thomas R.; Metcalf, Barbara Daly (26 November 2001). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63027-4. https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000metc. , Metcalf and Metcalf, p. 150.
  34. ↑ Momin, A.R., The Legacy of G. S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift, p. 95.
  35. ↑ Brown, Robert L. (1991). Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God. Albany: State University of New York. p. 9. ISBN 0-7914-0657-1. 
  36. ↑ For Tilak as the first to use large public images in maṇḍapas (pavilions or tents) see: Thapan, p. 225.Thapan, Anita Raina (1997). Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers. ISBN 81-7304-195-4. 
  37. ↑ Richard I. Cashman (1975). The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. University of California Press. p. 75 with footnote 1. ISBN 978-0-520-02407-6. https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Aslam Syed (2014). The Dynamics of Cultural Counterpoint in Asian Studies. SUNY Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-1-4384-5191-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=3wDkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97. 
  39. ↑ Shabnum Tejani (2008). Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890–1950. Indiana University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-0-253-22044-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA58. 
  40. ↑ HC's 2-hour immersion breather for home Pujas The Times of India (7 October 2016).
  41. ↑ Peter van der Veer (2015). Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. pp. 95–100. ISBN 978-0-520-96108-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_gtaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95. 
  42. ↑ Richard I. Cashman (1975). The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. University of California Press. pp. 70–73. ISBN 978-0-520-02407-6. https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich. 
  43. ↑ Richard I. Cashman (1975). The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. University of California Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-520-02407-6. https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich. 
  44. ↑ Cashman, Richard I. (1975). The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 75–91. ISBN 0-520-02407-9. https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich. 
  45. ↑ "Of fervour & Traditions". TOI. 29 August 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Of-fervour-Traditions/articleshow/3420078.cms. 
  46. ↑ "चौरचन के दिन की जाती है श्रापित चंद्र की पूजा, जानिये महत्त्व, कथा और शुभ मुहूर्त | Jansatta" (in hi). https://www.jansatta.com/religion/chaurchan-festival-celebrated-in-mithila-bihar-is-tomorrow-know-auspicious-muhurat-importance-and-vrat-katha/1502109/. 
  47. ↑ Rajesh (2021-09-10). "Chaurchan Festival 2021 : बिहार में गणेश चतुर्थी को मनाई जाती चौरचन पूजा, जानिए क्या है चंद्र दोष" (in en-CA). https://livecities.in/bihar/chaurchan-puja-is-celebrated-on-ganesh-chaturthi-in-bihar-know-what-is-chandra-dosh/. 
  48. ↑ "Rituals Explained". http://www.thehindutemple.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107&Itemid=55. 
  49. ↑ Kolte, R.R., Kulkarni, R.S., Shinde, P.V., Padvekar, H.K., Magadum, V.G. and Apate, S.A., Studies on the ethnomedicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state [1].
  50. ↑ "Andhra laddu-maker eyes to break own Guinness Record with 8000 kg laddu". 16 September 2015. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andhra-laddu-maker-eyes-to-break-own-guinness-record-with-8000-kg-laddu-2125608. "... ready for delivery tomorrow to an 80-feet tall Ganesh Murti put up by Visakha Integrated Social Welfare Association supported by NRIs at the Gajuwaka area in Visakhapatnam." 
  51. ↑ Sahu, Manish (21 August 2020). "What is the story behind the tradition of Ganesh visarjan?". https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesha-chaturthi-2019-what-is-the-story-behind-the-tradition-of-ganesh-visarjan/articleshow/70878145.cms. 
  52. ↑ "Essential Guide to the Ganesh Festival in India". https://www.tripsavvy.com/ganesh-chaturthi-festival-guide-1539292. 
  53. ↑ Sharma, Usha (2008). Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set). New Delhi: Mittal publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-81-8324-113-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqz4eWbAMSkC&q=ganesh+durva&pg=PA143. 
  54. ↑ Shanbag, Arun (2007). Prarthana: A Book of Hindu Psalms. Arlington, MA: Arun Shanbag. pp. 163. ISBN 978-0-9790081-0-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=try8sVpY_JYC&q=ganesh+aarti+sant+ramdas+sukhkarta&pg=PR11. 
  55. ↑ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2011). 99 thoughts on Ganesh : [stories, symbols and rituals of India's beloved elephant-headed deity]. Mumbai: Jaico Pub House. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-8495-152-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC&q=gauri+ganpati+festival+marathi&pg=PP9. Retrieved 29 August 2016. 
  56. ↑ Bari, Prachi (2017). "Traditions from all over Maharashtra merge to welcome Gauri in Pune". Hindustan Times (HT Media Limited) (30 August 2017). https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/traditions-from-all-over-maharashtra-merge-to-welcome-gauri-in-pune/story-sK3PpH8s2qhHizIlSQv3bN.html. 
  57. ↑ Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Directorate of Archives, Archaeology, and Museum. Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Volume 2. Panaji-Goa: The Directorate, 1984. p. 94. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Ganesh Chaturhi or Chovoth". Government of Goa. http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/hindu-festivals/184-ganesh-chaturthi-or-chovoth. 
  59. ↑ Singbal, Anwesha. "Bringing the local beat back". The Goan. http://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend/Kalaa/Bringing-the-local-beat-back/06095.html#.U_f_EvmSySo. 
  60. ↑ Courtright, P.B. (1988). "The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra: Some Observations". The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, 84–86.
  61. ↑ "Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Puja Vidhi, Shubh Muhurat, Fasting, Vrat Katha and Ganpati Visarjan information – Times of India" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-vrat-katha-fasting-and-ganpati-visarjan-information/articleshow/77669754.cms. 
  62. ↑ "Kolhapur Muslims mark Ganesh festival with Hindu brothers in mosque". Oneindia. 18 September 2010. http://www.oneindia.com/2010/09/18/kolhapurmuslims-mark-ganesha-festival-with-hindubrothers.html. 
  63. ↑ "Tv9 Gujarat – Hindu-Muslim celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi together, Ahmedabad". TV9 (Gujarati). 
  64. ↑ "Hindu, Muslim families celebrate Ganesh Puja". Headlines Today. India Today. 24 August 2009. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Hindu,+Muslim+families+celebrate+Ganesh+Puja/1/58262.html. 
  65. ↑ "Idol makers in Madurai take to eco-friendly Ganeshas". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/idol-makers-in-madurai-take-to-eco-friendly-ganeshas/articleshow/60040033.cms. 
  66. ↑ "Govt order on rules for Ganesh Chathurthi not violative of rights, says Madras HC". The News Minute. 6 September 2018. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/govt-order-rules-ganesh-chathurthi-not-violative-rights-says-madras-hc-87882. 
  67. ↑ Special Correspondent (24 August 2017). "Plaster of Paris Ganesha idols banned" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/plaster-of-paris-ganesha-idols-banned/article19548667.ece. 
  68. ↑ "Raid against idols made of plaster of paris". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Raid-against-idols-made-of-plaster-of-paris/articleshow/16257874.cms. 
  69. ↑ "Ganesh Chaturthi Pooja Rituals". http://www.ganeshchaturthigifts.com/ganesh-chaturthi-pooja.html. 
  70. ↑ "OM GAM: GANAPATHAYE NAMAH". http://www.ganeshotsavam.org/. 
  71. ↑ "All set for Kanipakam temple fest". The Hans India. 4 September 2016. http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-04/All-set-for-Kanipakam-temple-fest/252289. 
  72. ↑ Sutar, Kamlesh Damodar (September 13, 2016). "Karachi celebrates Ganeshotsav with much zest and zeal". https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/karachi-celebrates-ganeshotsav-with-much-zest-and-zeal-340815-2016-09-13. 
  73. ↑ "Thousands turn out for Hindu Festival at Shoebury East Beach". 1 September 2009. https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4573277.thousands-turn-out-for-hindu-festival-at-shoebury-east-beach/. "It is thought as many as 18,000 people attended from across Essex, Kent, Middlesex, London, the Midlands and even India."  Alternate Link
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  75. ↑ "Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on". liverpoolecho. http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2010/09/23/river-mersey-festival-to-celebration-hindus-birthday-of-lord-ganesh-92534-27325616/. 
  76. ↑ "Colourful Hindu celebrations with public procession return to seaside" (in en). 2023-09-14. https://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/23785203.hindu-ganesa-visarjan-festival-returns-clacton/. 
  77. ↑ "Ganesh Utsav Samithi Milton Keynes". https://ganeshutsavsamithi.org/. 
  78. ↑ Kalyana Ramanathan; Indira Kannan (11 September 2010). "Non-resident gods". Business Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/non-resident-gods-110091100082_1.html. 
  79. ↑ "Mauritius takes the day off for Ganesh Chaturthi". http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/mauritius-ganesh-chaturthi/. 
  80. ↑ Eisenlohr, Patrick (2006). Little India: Diaspora, Time, and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius. University of California Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780520248793. https://books.google.com/books?id=QFzcGV9FlxgC&q=ganesh+chaturthi+Mauritius+public+holiday&pg=PA153. Retrieved 14 October 2015. 
  81. ↑ "Hindus celebrate Vinayagar Chathurthi". The Malaysian Times. 9 September 2013. http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/hindus-celebrate-vinayagar-chathurthi/. 
  82. ↑ "अफ्रीका के घाना में हर साल विराजते हैं गणपति, 50 साल से धूमधाम से होता है 'बप्पा का स्वागत'" (in Hindi). Zee News. 11 September 2019. https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photo-gallery/african-country-ghana-celebrates-ganesh-pooja-every-year/572560. 
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  84. ↑ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1. Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. 1979. p. 258. 
  85. ↑ Ferro-Luzzi, G.E., 1977. "The logic of South Indian food offerings". Anthropos, (H. 3./4), pp. 529–56.
  86. ↑ "Ganesha immersions ruled unlawful". bbc.co.uk (BBC News – South Asia). 8 September 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3638860.stm. 
  87. ↑ Special Correspondent (29 August 2013). "Goa bans plaster of Paris Ganesh idols". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/goa-bans-plaster-of-paris-ganesha-idols/article5070472.ece. 
  88. ↑ "The Environmentally Friendly Ganesh". chakranews.com. 21 October 2011. http://www.chakranews.com/the-environmentally-friendly-ganesh/1683. 
  89. ↑ "Ganesha immersion: temple's awareness campaign finds many takers". The Hindu. 11 August 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/11/stories/2006081121960300.htm. 
  90. ↑ Sahu, Manish (Aug 21, 2020). "Ganesh Chaturthi 2020: Artists make eco-friendly cow dung 'Vedic' Ganpati idols in Gujarat". https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-artists-make-eco-friendly-cow-dung-vedic-ganpati-idols-in-gujarat/story-a6dLU6TzA6r8BRz5jJ28KM.html. 
  91. ↑ Zha, Bagish K. (20 September 2013). "Eco-friendly 'Ganesh Visarjan' save water and soil from getting polluted in Indore". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Eco-friendly-Ganesh-Visarjan-save-water-and-soil-from-getting-polluted-in-Indore/articleshow/22808957.cms. 

Bibliography

External links



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