Biology:Ground tyrant
| Ground tyrants | |
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| Spot-billed ground tyrant (Muscisaxicola maculirostris) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Muscisaxicola Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 |
| Species | |
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The ground tyrants (Muscisaxicola) are a genus of passerine birds belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. There are about 13 different species. They are ground-dwelling birds which inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andes and Patagonia. Several southern species are migratory, moving northward for the winter. Ground tyrants feed on insects and other invertebrates, mainly by picking them from the ground.
A flight display is performed during the breeding season. The nest is a cup of twigs or grass which, in most species, is built in a burrow, crevice or under rocks.
Ground tyrants are fairly small (13–20 cm in length) with longish legs, a slender bill and an erect posture. The plumage is dull and mainly grey or brown with paler underparts. The head is variably patterned with several species having rufous patches on the crown or white between the bill and eye. The birds have simple calls and are often silent.
Systematics and taxonomy
A study of mitochondrial DNA by Chesser (2000) has shown that the little ground tyrant (M. fluviatilis) is highly divergent and not closely related to the other ground tyrants. All the remaining species are related and form a monophyletic group, although the spot-billed ground tyrant (M. maculirostris) is somewhat divergent from the others. The little and spot-billed ground tyrants are smaller and browner than the other species and the little ground tyrant also differs in its habitat, occurring near rivers in the Amazon rainforest.[1]
The paramo ground tyrant (M. alpinus) and Taczanowski's ground tyrant (M. griseus) were previously treated as a single species but are genetically divergent with the paramo ground tyrant belonging to a southern Andean and Patagonian clade within the genus and Taczanowski's ground tyrant belonging to a central Andean clade.[1] The name plain-capped ground tyrant is used by some authors to refer to M. griseus with paramo ground tyrant used for M. alpinus.
The genus name Muscisaxicola is masculine, therefore the species names griseus, cinereus, maclovianus, alpinus and capistratus are correct rather than grisea, cinerea, macloviana, alpina and capistrata. The names flavinucha and albilora are invariable.[2]
Species list
- White-fronted ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola albifrons
- White-browed ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola albilora
- Paramo ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola alpinus
- Cinnamon-bellied ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola capistratus
- Cinereous ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola cinereus
- Ochre-naped ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola flavinucha
- Little ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola fluviatilis
- Black-fronted ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola frontalis
- Taczanowski's ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola griseus
- Puna ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola juninensis
- Dark-faced ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola maclovianus
- Spot-billed ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola maculirostris
- Rufous-naped ground tyrant, Muscisaxicola rufivertex
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chesser, R. Terry (2000). "Evolution in the High Andes: the Phylogenetics of Muscisaxicola Ground-Tyrants". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15 (3): 369–380. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0774. PMID 10860646. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/vert/birds/pdf/rtc4.pdf.
- ↑ South American Classification Committee (2007) A classification of the bird species of South America, part 8 . citing David N. & Gosselin M. (2002). "The grammatical gender of avian genera". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122: 257–282.
Further reading
- Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter & Beadle, David (2003) Field Guide to the Birds of Chile, Christopher Helm, London
- Vuilleumier, François (1994) Nesting, behavior, distribution and speciation of Patagonian and Andean ground tyrants (Myiotheretes, Xolmis, Neoxolmis, Agriornis and Muscisaxicola), Ornitologia Neotropical, 5: 1–55
External links
Video clips—on the Internet Bird Collection (11 of 13 species)
- Muscisaxicola albifrons—videos
- Muscisaxicola albilora—videos
- Muscisaxicola alpinus—videos
- Muscisaxicola capistratus—no videos
- Muscisaxicola cinereus—videos
- Muscisaxicola flavinucha—videos
- Muscisaxicola fluviatilis—videos
- Muscisaxicola frontalis—videos
- Muscisaxicola griseus—videos
- Muscisaxicola juninensis—videos
- Muscisaxicola maclovianus—videos
- Muscisaxicola maculirostris—no videos
- Muscisaxicola rufivertex—videos
Wikidata ☰ Q1059499 entry
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