Biology:HEPACAM

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


Gene HEPACAM*, named based on its original site of identification - hepatocytes and the nature of its protein product - a cell adhesion molecule (CAM), was first discovered and characterised in human liver and reported by Shali Shen (MD, PhD) in 2005.[1] The gene encodes a protein of 416 amino acids, designated as hepaCAM**, which is a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (IgSF CAM). The main biological functions of hepaCAM include a) modulating cell-matrix adhesion and migration, and b) inhibiting cancer cell growth.[1]

(Note: *HEPACAM, gene name; **hepaCAM, protein name)

Discovery

Through differential screening of gene expression, over 200 genes were found to be either up- or down-regulated in a hepatocellular carcinoma patient. These genes were subsequently evaluated against a panel of human HCC specimens, leading to the identification of a novel gene HEPN1.[2] Based on the sequence of HEPN1, the new gene HEPACAM was then isolated and characterised.[3]

Characteristics and functions

Structurally, hepaCAM is a glycoprotein containing an extracellular domain with 2 Ig-like loops, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic domain.[3] Matched to chromosome 11q24, gene HEPACAM is ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues, with particularly high expression levels in the central nervous system (CNS), and is frequently suppressed in a variety of tumour types.[4] Functionally, hepaCAM is involved in cell-extracellular matrix interactions and growth control of cancer cells,[3] and is able to induce differentiation of glioblastoma cells.[5] In cell signaling, hepaCAM directly interacts with F-actin[6] and calveolin 1,[7] and is capable of inducing senescence-like growth arrest via a p53/p21-dependent pathway.[4] Moreover, hepaCAM is proteolytically cleaved near the transmemberane region.[8] These findings indicate that the new Ig-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM is also a tumour suppressor.[9]

Other names

  1. glialCAM, which was cloned from a human brain cDNA library in 2008 and found to be identical to hepaCAM;[10] and
  2. HEPACAM1, when HEPACAM2 emerged in 2010.[11]

About HEPACAM 2

Metastatic canine mammary carcinoma and their metastases are characterized by decreased HEPACAM2 but unchanged HEPACAM2 expression levels when compared to normal glands.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Cloning and characterization of hepaCAM, a novel Ig-like cell adhesion molecule suppressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Journal of Hepatology 42 (6): 833–41. June 2005. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.025. PMID 15885354. 
  2. ↑ "HEPN1, a novel gene that is frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells". Journal of Hepatology 39 (4): 580–6. October 2003. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00359-3. PMID 12971969. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Structural and functional analyses of a novel ig-like cell adhesion molecule, hepaCAM, in the human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (29): 27366–74. July 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500852200. PMID 15917256. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Expression of hepaCAM is downregulated in cancers and induces senescence-like growth arrest via a p53/p21-dependent pathway in human breast cancer cells". Carcinogenesis 29 (12): 2298–305. December 2008. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn226. PMID 18845560. 
  5. ↑ "The immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM induces differentiation of human glioblastoma U373-MG cells". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 107 (6): 1129–38. August 2009. doi:10.1002/jcb.22215. PMID 19507233. 
  6. ↑ "The immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM modulates cell adhesion and motility through direct interaction with the actin cytoskeleton". Journal of Cellular Physiology 219 (2): 382–91. May 2009. doi:10.1002/jcp.21685. PMID 19142852. 
  7. ↑ "Interaction of the immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM with caveolin-1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 378 (4): 755–60. January 2009. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.119. PMID 19059381. 
  8. ↑ "The immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM is cleaved in the human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells". International Journal of Oncology 37 (1): 155–65. July 2010. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000663. PMID 20514407. 
  9. ↑ "The roles of cell adhesion molecules in tumor suppression and cell migration: a new paradox". Cell Adhesion & Migration 3 (4): 334–6. 2009. doi:10.4161/cam.3.4.9246. PMID 19949308. PMC 2802741. http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cam/abstract.php?id=9246. 
  10. ↑ "GlialCAM, an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule is expressed in glial cells of the central nervous system". Glia 56 (6): 633–45. April 2008. doi:10.1002/glia.20640. PMID 18293412. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "HEPACAM1 and 2 are differentially regulated in canine mammary adenomas and carcinomas and its lymph node metastases". BMC Veterinary Research 6: 15. 2010. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-6-15. PMID 20226097. 



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