Biology:Haemulon album
| Haemulon album | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Haemulidae |
| Genus: | Haemulon |
| Species: | H. album
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| Binomial name | |
| Haemulon album Cuvier, 1830
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Haemulon album, the white margate, grey grunt, grunt, Margaret fish, Margaret grunt, margate, margate fish, ronco blanco, viuda, white grunt, white pogret, or yellow grunt is a species of ray-finned fish, a large grunt belonging to the family Haemulidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean.
Description
H. album has a high-backed,[2] deep, oblong, compressed body with a blunt snout and small eyes. The mouth is not very large and the lips are not fleshy.[3] They have teeth on the pharynx and serrated gill covers.[2] The rows of scales situated just underneath the lateral line are angled.[4] It has a continuous dorsal fin, with only a slight notch between the spiny and soft-rayed parts.[3] The dorsal fin contains 12 spines and 15-17 soft rays, while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 70 cm (28 in), although 50 cm (20 in) is more typical.[4]
The white margate varies in colour from greyish silver to light olive green,[5] although this colour is usually restricted to the back. The scales on the upper part of the body have dark spots.[2] The soft-rayed part of the dorsal fin and the caudal fin are dark grey, while the other fins are pale. An indistinct dark blotch may occur on the gill covers.[3] The lips and shout have a yellow hue and the inside of the mouth is orange.[2] They have a white iris too.[5] The juveniles have a bluish colour marked with dark stripes ventrally.[2] Subadults may also have some blackish colouration on their backs between the base of the dorsal fin and the tail.[4]
Distribution
H. album is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. The northern limit of its range is in Bermuda and eastern Florida, through the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. It is found along the coast of Central America from Quintana Roo to islands and cays off Nicaragua. This species has also been confirmed in the waters around the Brazilian oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas, although it is absent from the mainland Brazilian coast.[1]
Habitat and biology
H. album is found at depths between 2 and 60 m (6 ft 7 in and 196 ft 10 in) in clear, tropical waters around coral reefs, rocky areas, shipwrecks, and beds of sea grass.[1] The juveniles prefer to be close to sea grass beds.[6] They are typically encountered as pairs or large schools. They are nocturnal feeders, their diet consisting mainly of benthic invertebrates such as peanut worms and heart urchins, [2] for which it has been recorded, nosing into the substrate in search.[4] They also commonly feed on bivalves, crustaceans, and small fishes.[1] The females are able to spawn several times in a season, the spawning seasons being the Spring and Autumn off Jamaica. Spawning aggregations have been reported off Belize.[1]
Systematics
H. album was first formally described in 1830 by French anatomist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), with the type locality given as St Thomas, Virgin Islands.[7] The specific name album means “white” refers to the mainly white colour.[8]
Uses
H. album is a quarry for commercial fisheries in all of the area of its occurrence. It is caught using traps, hook-and-line, and gill nets. No data on the catch are collected. The flesh is sold fresh and is branded as “silver snapper” in some markets.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lindeman, K.; Anderson, W.; Claro, R.; Cowan, J.; Padovani-Ferreira, B.; Rocha, L.A.; Sedberry, G. (2016). "Haemulon album". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T190206A1944164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T190206A1944164.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/190206/1944164. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Margate". https://mexican-fish.com/margate/. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Species: Haemulon album, Margate grunt". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/thefishes/species/3717. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Haenulon album" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "White Margate". https://www.antiguamarinelife.info/White_Margate.html. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ "White Margate (Haemulon album)". https://www.whatsthatfish.com/fish/white-margate/1670. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Species in the genus Haemulon". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Haemulon.
- ↑ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara, eds (5 January 2021). "Order LUTJANIFORMES: Families HAEMULIDAE and LUTJANIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. https://etyfish.org/lutjaniformes/. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ Lindeman, K.C. (2002). "Haemulidae". in Kent E. Carpenter. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae). FAO Species Identification Guides for Fisheries Purposes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. FAO of the U.N., Rome. pp. 1522-1550. http://www.fao.org/3/y4162e/y4162e19.pdf.
External links
- Photos of Haemulon album on Sealife Collection
Wikidata ☰ Q3759247 entry
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