Biology:Haplogroup N-M231

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Short description: Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in North Eurasia
Haplogroup N
Haplogrupo N (ADN-Y).PNG
Possible time of origin36,800 [95% CI 34,300–39,300] years before present (YFull[1])

44,700 or 38,300 ybp depending on mutation rate[2]

41,900 [95% CI 40,175-43,591] ybp[3]
Coalescence age21,700 [95% CI 19,500–23,900] ybp (YFull[1])

25,313 [95% CI 21,722–28,956] ybp[3]
Possible place of originNorthern East Asia[4][5]
AncestorNO
Defining mutationsM231
Highest frequenciesNganassan 58%[3]-94.1%,[6] Yakuts 81.8%[7]-94.6%,[8] Khakass (Shirinsky District) 90.2%,[9] Siberian Tatars (Zabolotnie Tatars) 89.5%,[10] Ugrians 77.8%[3] (Khanty 64.3%[11]-89.3%,[12] Mansi 76%[12]), Udmurts 77.8%,[3] Khakas 41%[3] – 65%,[11] Komi 33.3%[11]-79.5%,[6] Nenets 75%–92.9%[3] (Tundra Nenets 97.9%,[6] Forest Nenets 98.8%[6]), Vepsians 55%,[3] Finns 42.6% (West)[13] - 70.9% (East)[13] or approx. 54%[3]–58.8%,[14] Tuvans 27.2–54.5% [citation needed], Nanai 46.2%[15][16][3] (20% Hezhe in the PRC,[15] 44.6% Nanai in Russia,[3] 83.8% members of the Samar clan in the Gorin area of the Khabarovsk Territory[16]), Karelians 37.1%[17]-53.8%,[13] Arkhangelsk Russians 42.6% (Arkhangelsk 44.3%,[3] Pinega 40.8%[3]), Lithuanian 40.5%[3]-44.5%,[13] Latvian approx. 42% (41.6%,[13] 42.1%,[18] 43.0%[3]), Mari 41.2%,[3] Saami 40%, Chuvash 33.7%[14]-36%,[3] Buryats 34.5% (20.2%,[19] 25.0%,[20] 30.9%,[21] 48.0%[22]), Koryaks 33.3%,[6] Estonian 30.6%[3]-33.9%,[13] Volga Tatars 27.8%,[3] Teleuts 25.0%,[6] Northern Altaians 21.8% (18.0%[11][23]-24.6%[24]), Pskov Russians 22.7%,[3] Bashkirs 17.3%,[3] Sibe 17.1%[15]-18.0%,[25] Mordvins 12.5% (10%[3] – 13.3%[3]), Mongols 11%,[26][21][15][20][27][28] Kalmyks 10.4% (Torguud 3.4%, Derbet 5.1%, Buzava 5.3%, Khoshut 38.2%),[29][28] Manchus 10% (5.8%,[21] 8.1%,[30] 9.1%,[25] 11.6%,[25] 12.5%,[25] 14.3%[15]), Belarusians 9.7%,[3] Central-Southern Russians 9.1% (Tver 13.2%,[31] Kursk 12.5%[31]-13.3%,[3] Belgorod 11.9%,[3] Kostroma 11.8%,[3] Smolensk 7.0%,[3] Voronezh 6.3%,[3] Oryol 5.5%[3]), Ukrainians 9.0%,[3] Southern Altaians 7.1% (4.2%[24]-9.7%[11]), Mulam 7.1%,[32] Sweden 6.8%[14] (0% Västra Götaland, Halland, Malmö, and Jönköping[33] - 19.5% Västerbotten[34]), Han Chinese 6.77% (0% to 21.4%),[25] Koreans 6.58% (4.41% to 12%) 12% Koreans,[35] 6.58% Koreans from KPGP(Korean Genome Project),[36] 6.9% Jeju[20] 6.4% Gochang [37] 6.3% Gangwon [20] 5.7% North Korean [38] 4.8% Gyeongsang,[20] 4.4% Jeolla,[20] 4.2% Chungcheong,[20] 4.0% Seoul,[39] 3.0% Daejeon,[39] 1.8% Seoul-Gyeonggi,[20] Ulchi 5.8%,[40] Tibetans 5.65%,[41] Kazakhs 5.33% [42] (Suan 0%, Qangly 0%, Oshaqty 0%, Jetyru 1.2%, Dulat 1.6%, Argyn 2.0%, Alimuly 2.5%, Ysty 3.5%, Baiuly 3.9%, Alban 4.3%, Qongyrat 7.4%, Qypshaq 10.3%, Jalair 10.9%, Qozha 16.7%, Syrgeli 65.6%), Northern Thai 5.2%,[43] Uyghurs 4.89% (2.8%,[44] 4.8%,[25] 4.99%,[45] 6.0%,[21] 8.6%[15]), Kyrgyz 3.9% (2.8% Kyzylsu,[46] 3.3% Kyzylsu,[47] 4.5% Kyrgyzstan,[27] 10% Urumqi[46]), Vietnamese 3.4%, Japanese 1.9% (0%,[2] 0.8%,[48] 0.9%,[49] 1.7%,[50] 2.5%,[20] 4.3%,[51] 4.8%,[21] 6.4%[15])

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.[Phylogenetics 1]

It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Origins

Estimated prehistoric migration routes for Y-chromosome haplogroup N lineage.[52]

Haplogroup NO-M214 – its most recent common ancestor with its sibling, haplogroup O-M175 – is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.[1][53][2]

It is generally considered that N-M231 arose in East Asia approximately 19,400 (±4,800) years ago and populated northern Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene, migrating in a counter-clockwise path, to eventually become concentrated in areas as far away as Fennoscandia and the Baltic (Rootsi Zhivotovsky). The apparent dearth of haplogroup N-M231 amongst Native American peoples indicates that it spread after Beringia was submerged (Chiaroni Underhill), about 11,000 years ago.

Distribution

Projected distributions of haplogroup N sub-haplogroups.[52] (A) N*-M231, (B) N1*-LLY22g, (C) N1a-M128, (D) N1b-P43, (E) N1c-M46.

Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in other areas, including Central Asia and the Balkans.

It has been found with greatest frequency among indigenous peoples of Russia, including Finnic peoples, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Nganasans, Turkic peoples (Yakuts, Dolgans, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tatars, Chuvashes, etc.), Buryats, Tungusic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Nanais, etc.), Yukaghirs, Luoravetlans (Chukchis, Koryaks), and Siberian Eskimos, but certain subclades are very common in Finland , Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and other subclades are found at low frequency in China (Yi, Naxi, Lhoba, Han Chinese, etc.).[54] Especially in ethnic Finnic peoples and Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric-speaking and Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia (especially Yakuts,[citation needed],but also Altaians, Shors, Khakas, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs). Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-Tat or haplogroup N-P43.

Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291(xN1a-F1206/M2013/S11466), have been found in China and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 is found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia.

N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro), Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a Hungarian with recent ancestry from Suceava in Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few British individuals, and an Altaian.[1]

N* (M231)

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231, but do not display the CTS11499, L735, M2291 mutations that define Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to paragroup N-M231*.[4]

N-M231* has been found at low levels in China.[4] Out of a sample of 165 Han males from China , two individuals (1.2%) were found to belong to N*.(Karafet Hallmark).[Footnote 1] One originated from Guangzhou and one from Xi'an.[citation needed]

Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples (DA250), dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214 in the original study.[55] However, this same specimen (DA250 or Shamanka 250) has subsequently been found to belong to N-FT210118, the same clade as the other haplogroup N specimens from the same site (besides DA247, who belongs to N-Y147969). N-FT210118 is derived from N-L666/N-F2199 but basal to N-CTS6380, this latter being the most recent common ancestor of present-day N-P43 (found mainly among Maris, Udmurts, Komis, Chuvashes, Tatars, Nenets, Nganasans, Khanty, Mansi, Khakas, Tuvans, etc.) and N-F1101 (found mainly among East Asians). Furthermore, N-FT210118 has not been found in any living individual who has had his Y-DNA tested to date, and the estimated TMRCA of N-CTS6380 exceeds the estimated date of deposition of any of the specimens from the Shamanka site associated with the Kitoi culture, so it appears that the representatives of the Kitoi culture at Shamanka (or at least their Y-DNA) have gone extinct rather than being direct ancestors of any living people.[56][57]

N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750)

In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted."[4] Since then, the name N1 has been applied to a clade marked by a great number of SNPs, including CTS11499, Z4762, and CTS3750. N1 is the most recent common ancestor of all extant members of Haplogroup N-M231 except members of the rare N2-Y6503 (N2-B482) subclade. The TMRCA of N1 is estimated to be 18,000 years before present (16,300–19,700 BP; 95% CI).[1] Since the revision of 2014, the position of many examples of "N1-LLY22g" within haplogroup N have become unclear. Therefore, it is better to check yfull and ISOGG 2019 in order to understand the updated structure of N-M231.

However, in older studies, N-LLY22g has been reported to reach a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yi people of Butuo County, Sichuan in Southwest China (Hammer et al. 2005, Karafet et al. 2001, and Wen et al. 2004). It is also found in 34.6% of Lhoba people (Wen et al. 2004).[58] N1-LLY22g* has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:

  • 6.8% (3/44) Han from Xi'an (Hammer et al. 2005 and Karafet et al. 2001)
  • 6.7% (2/30) Han from Lanzhou (Xue Zerjal)
  • 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han (Hammer Karafet)
  • 2.9% (1/34) Han from Chengdu (Xue Zerjal)
  • 2.9% (1/35) Han from Harbin (Xue Zerjal)
  • 2.9% (1/35) Han from Meixian District (Xue Zerjal)
  • 0% (0/32) Han from Yining City (Xue Zerjal)

Other populations in which representatives of N1*-LLY22g have been found include:

  • Hani people (4/34 = 11.8%) (Xue Zerjal)
  • Sibe people (4/41 = 9.8%) (Xue Zerjal)
  • Tujia people (2/49 = 4.1%) (Hammer Karafet)
  • Manchu people (2/52 = 3.8% (Hammer Karafet) to 2/35 = 5.7% (Xue Zerjal)
  • Bit people (1/28 = 3.6%) (Cai 2011)
  • Uyghurs (2/70 = 2.9% (Xue Zerjal) to 2/67 = 3.0%) (Hammer Karafet)
  • Tibetan people (3/105 = 2.9% (Hammer Karafet) to 3/35 = 8.6% (Xue Zerjal))
  • Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% – 2/25 = 8% (Rootsi et al. 2006, Xue et al. 2006, and Kim 2007)
  • Vietnamese people (2/70 = 2.9%) (Hammer Karafet)
  • Japanese people (0/70 Tokushima – 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori) (Hammer Karafet)
  • Manchurian Evenks (0/26 = 0.0% (Xue Zerjal) to 1/41 = 2.4%(Hammer Karafet))
  • Altai people (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada),(Hammer Karafet)(Kharkov 2007)
  • Shors (2/23 = 8.7%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Khakas people (5/181 = 2.8%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Tuvans (5/311 = 1.6%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Yakuts (0/215 – 1/121 = 0.8%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky)
  • Turkish people (1/523 = 0.2%) (Rootsi Zhivotovsky) In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population.
  • One individual who belongs either to N* or N1* has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat)) (Gayden 2007)

N1(xN1a,N1c) was found in ancient bones of Liao civilization:[59]

  • Niuheliang (Hongshan Culture, 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
  • Halahaigou (Xiaoheyan Culture, 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
  • Dadianzi (Lower Xiajiadian culture, 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5).

N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.

N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466)

The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 [95% CI 13,900 <-> 17,900] years before present[1] or 17,621 [95% CI 14,952 <-> 20,282] years before present.[3]

N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080)

All M46 in Yfull database are M178, being a quarter younger than separation from F1139.[60]

The mutations that define the subclade N-M46[Phylogenetics 2] are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It probably arose in a Northeast Asian population, because the oldest ancient samples comply with this genetic profile.[61] [62] N has experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe (Rootsi Zhivotovsky). Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.

In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, N-M46 is present with much lower frequency among many of the Yakuts' neighbors, such as Evenks and Evens.[8] It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos (Cai 2011), 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea (Katoh 2004), and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan (Hammer Karafet).

The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect (Pakendorf 2002). This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area (Crubézy 2010).

N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from Sweden. Karlsson et al. (2006) found N-Tat in 44.7% (17/38) of a sample of Saami nomads from Jokkmokk, 19.5% (8/41) of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% (8/55) of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% (4/40) of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% (4/42) of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% (3/41) of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% (1/41) of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% (1/45) of a sample from Skaraborg.[34]

Lappalainen et al. (2008) found N-Tat in 14.4% (23/160) of a sample from Sweden.[13]

Lappalainen et al. (2009) found N-Tat in 15.4% (4/26) of a sample from Södermanland, 12.5% (3/24) of a sample from Västmanland, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample from Uppsala, 7.8% (4/51) of a sample from Gothenburg, 7.0% (3/43) of a sample from Norrbotten, 6.8% (5/73) of a sample from Skåne, 6.6% (15/228) of a sample from Stockholm, 6.3% (3/48) of a sample from Sydnorrland, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Västerbotten, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Örebro, 5.9% (3/51) of a sample from Värmland/Dalarna, 5.4% (2/37) of a sample from Östra Götaland, and 5.1% (2/39) of a sample from southeastern Sweden (Kalmar, Gotland, Kronoberg, and Blekinge). They did not find any instance of N-Tat in their samples from Jönköping (0/28), Malmö (0/29), Halland (0/34), or Västra Götaland (0/75).[33]

N1a1a (M178)

The subclade N-M178[Phylogenetics 3] is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians (Derenko 2007 and Lappalainen 2008).

Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) (Derenko 2007).

N-M178 was also found in two Na-Dené speaking Tłı̨chǫs in North America.[63]

Neolithic samples from Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from Fofonovo, Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record.[61]

Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in Trans-Baikal (brn008, N1a1a1*-L708; brn003, N1a1a1a1*-M2126) between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in Yakutia (N4b2, N1a1a1a1a*-Z1979) and Krasnoyarsk Krai (kra001, N1a1a1a1a*-L392), between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.[64][65]

N1a2 (F1008/L666)

N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,600 [95% CI 7,500 <-> 9,800] years before present,[1] 9,200 years before present,[66] or 9,314 [95% CI 7,419 <-> 11,264] years before present.[3]

At least three of six tested male specimens from the Early Neolithic (ceramic-using hunter-gatherer of approximately 7200–6200 years ago) layer at the Shamanka archaeological site near the southern end of Lake Baikal have been found to belong to N1a2-L666.[55]

N1a2a-M128

Haplogroup N-M128
Y-dna m128.png
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorN1a2 (F1008/L666)
DescendantsF710, F1998
Defining mutationsM128
Highest frequenciesManchus 2.5% (Liaoning 3.45%~3.9%, Jilin 0.0%), Koreans 1.1% (Liaoning 2.4%, Jilin 2.0~2.5%, Gyeongsang 1.2%, Jeolla 1.1%, Chungcheong 0.9%, Seoul 0.3%), Xibe 1.0%, Han 0.89% (Shanxi 1.83%, Henan 1.53%, Gansu 1.46%, Hebei 1.41%, Shaanxi 1.40%, Tianjin 1.38%, Shandong 1.17%, Beijing 1.14%, Inner Mongolia 1.13%, Heilungjiang 1.12%, Liaoning 1.12%, Fujian 1.12%, Anhui 0.93%, Jilin 0.86%, Ningxia 0.82%, Jiangsu 0.81%, Yunnan 0.79%, Hubei 0.77%, Zhejiang 0.73%, Taiwan 0.70%, Sichuan 0.54%, Hunan 0.52%, Chongqing 0.51%, Guizhou 0.51%, Guangdong 0.45%, Hainan 0.43%, Xinjiang 0.43%, Shanghai 0.36%, Jiangxi 0.34%, Guangxi 0.23%, Qinghai 0.18%), Mongolians 0.7% (Liaoning 1.9%, Horqin 0.3%, Ulaanbaatar 0.0%), Japanese 0.3% (Tokushima 3.5%, Ibaraki 2.0%, Hiroshima 1.3%, Nagoya 1.0%, Osaka 0.2%, Tokyo 0.0%, Shizuoka 0.0%, Yamaguchi 0.0%), Kazakhs 0.1% (Khoja 1.9%, Baiuly 0.6%, Uysun 0.4%)

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128.[Phylogenetics 4] N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation.[51] Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of the Manchu people, Sibe people, Evenks, Koreans, Han Chinese, Hui, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Bouyei people, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Salars, Tu, Mongols, the Buzava tribe of Kalmyks,[29] Khakas, and Komis.[17]

A number of a Han Chinese, an Ooled Mongol, a Qiang, and a Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch (or branches) of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*.[67]

A neolithic sample brn002 (~5,940 BP) in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128.[68][64]

As a genetic testing result of Yelü clan, a royal family of the Liao Dynasty and Khitan descents, it was found to belong to N-F1998, a downstream of N-M128.

N1a2b (P43)

Haplogroup N-P43[Phylogenetics 5] is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It has been estimated to be approximately 4,000 to 5,500 years old (TMRCA 4,510 years,[66] TMRCA 4,700 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 5,600] ybp,[1] or 4,727 [95% CI 3,824 <-> 5,693] years before present[3]). It has been found very frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples, speakers of Ob-Ugric languages, and northern Khakassians, and it also has been observed with low to moderate frequency among speakers of some other Uralic languages, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupik people.

The highest frequencies of N-P43 are observed among north-west Siberian populations: 92% (35/38)[17] in a sample of Nganasan, 78% (7/9)[69][14] in a sample of Enets, 78% (21/27)[31] in a sample of Khants, 75% (44/59)[17] in a sample of Tundra Nenets, 69% (29/42)[3] in another sample of Nenets, 60% (15/25)[12] in a sample of Mansi, 57% (64/112)[11] in another sample of Khants, 54% (27/50)[3] in another sample of Nganasan, 45% (40/89)[17] in a sample of Forest Nenets, 38% (18/47)[70] in a third sample of Khants, and 25% (7/28)[12] in a fourth sample of Khants. In Europe, the N-P43 types have their highest frequency of 20% among Volga-Uralic populations. The extreme western border of the spread of N-P43 is Finland, where this haplogroup occurs only at marginal frequency – 0.4%. Yet N-P43 is quite frequent among Vepsas (17.9%), a small Finnic population living in immediate proximity to Finns, Karelians and Estonians.[17]

Haplogroup N-P43 also has been observed with very high frequency (26/29 = 89.7% of a sample from the settlement of Topanov and 19/22 = 86.4% of a sample from the settlement of Malyi Spirin) in samples of Kachins, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group or territorial subgroup of the Khakas people, from Shirinsky District of northern Khakassia.[9] There appears to be a cline through the Sagai (another Turkic-speaking ethnic group that is now considered to be a constituent of the Khakas people), with 46.2% (55/119) of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of Askizsky District of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43 vs. only 13.6% (11/81) of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of Tashtypsky District of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup.[9] However, other researchers' samples of Khakas people have exhibited only moderate frequencies of N-P43 or potential N-P43. Derenko et al. (2006) examined a sample of Khakassians (n=53) collected in the settlements of Askiz, Shirinsk, Beisk and Ordzhonikidzevsk districts of Khakass Republic and found that 15 of them (28.3%) belonged to N-LLY22g(xTat).[19] Rootsi et al. (2007) examined a sample of Khakas (n=181) and found that 31 of them (17.1%) belonged to N-P43;[17] (Ilumäe Reidla) retested 174 of the individuals in this sample and found that 27 of them (15.5%) belonged to the N-B478 (Asian/northern Samoyedic) subclade of N-P43 and 2 of them (1.1%) belonged to the N-L1419 (European/Volga Finnic and Chuvash) subclade of N-P43 for a total of 29 (16.7%) N-P43.[3]

Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed among Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and related populations (Rootsi Zhivotovsky).

N1a2b1-B478

The TMRCA of N-B478 has been estimated to be 3,007 [95% CI 2,171 <-> 3,970] years before present.[3] It is one of the most prevalent Y-DNA haplogroups among indigenous populations of northwestern Siberia: 69.0% (29/42) Nenets, 50.0% (25/50) Nganasan, 22.2% (12/54) Dolgan from Taymyr, 7.0% (3/43) Selkup, 1.6% (1/63) Ob-Ugrian. It is also quite prevalent among populations of Central Siberia, Southern Siberia, and Mongolia: 17.9% (17/95) Tuvan, 15.5% (27/174) Khakas, 13.0% (6/46) Tozhu Tuvans,[28] 8.7% (2/23) Shor, 8.3% (2/24) Even, 8.2% (5/61) Altaian, 5.3% (3/57) Evenk, 5.0% (19/381) Mongol, 4.9% (3/61) Sart-Kalmak (partial descendants of Oirat Mongols in Kyrgyzstan),[28] 4.2% (9/216) Yakut, 2.1% (1/47) Torgut (Mongolia),[28] 1.4% (1/69) Derbet (Kalmykia),[28] 0.9% (1/111) Buryat. A geographically outlying member has been found in a sample of Chuvash (1/114 = 0.88%).[3]

Karafet et al. (2018) observed N-P63, which appears to be roughly phylogenetically equivalent to N-B478, in 91.2% (31/34) Nganasan, 63.8% (30/47) Tundra Nenets, 42.7% (35/82) Forest Nenets, 14.0% (8/57) Dolgan, 7.0% (9/129) Selkup, 3.3% (3/91) Evenk, 2.7% (2/75) Mongol, 2.6% (2/78) Komi, 2.5% (2/80) Buryat, and 2.0% (2/98) Altai Kizhi.[6] This haplogroup was not observed in samples of Yukaghir (0/10), Koryak (0/11), Teleut (0/40), Ket (0/44), Yakut (0/62), or Khanty (0/165) populations.[6]

N1b (F2930)

Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China.[54] However, it also has been found in people all over China (where they account for approximately 3.62% of the country's male population and are mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, etc.[71]) and in some individuals from Spain,[56] Ecuador,[56] Poland,[56][1] Belarus,[56] Russia,[56][1] Iraq,[56] India,[56][1] Kazakhstan,[56] Korea,[56][1] Japan,[56][1] Bhutan,[56] Vietnam,[56][1] Cambodia,[56][1] Laos,[56] Thailand,[56][1] Malaysia,[1] and Singapore.[1]

N2 (Y6503)

N2 (Y6503/FGC28528; B482/FGC28394/Y6584) – a primary branch of haplogroup N-M231, is now represented mainly by a subclade, N-FGC28435, that has spread probably some time in the first half of the second millennium CE[72] and that has been found in individuals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey (Istanbul).[73][72]

N-Y7310 (or N-F14667) subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310(xFGC28435) exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from Rostov Oblast of Russia and a Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from Suceava, Bukovina.[1]

Other branches of N-P189 include members from Turkey,[1] Russia (Moscow Oblast[1]), France (Charente-Maritime[1]), and England (Devon[1]).[56] The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 (95% CI 5,700 <-> 4,100) years before present.[1] An archaeological specimen attributed to the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan and dated to the latter half of the fourth millennium BCE belongs to N-P189*, being basal to present-day European members of N-P189.[74][1]

Lineages that belong to N-Y6503(xP189) and are only distantly related (with a time to most recent common ancestor estimated to be greater than 10,000 years before present[1]) to the aforementioned members of N-P189 have been found in an individual from the present-day Altai Republic[1] and probably also in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Iron Age Mezőcsát culture of what is now Hungary (approx. 2,900 years before present)[75] and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using foragers of the area around Lake Baikal (approx. 6,700 years before present).[74]

Ancient peoples

A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township, Da'an, Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago (Phase II of the Early Neolithic) has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America of a population belonging to a hypothetical Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh linguistic family.[62]

N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia.[76] It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12 to 14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya.[52]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree

In the following tree the nomenclature of three sources is separated by slashes: ISOGG Tree 10 December 2017 (ver.12.317)

  • NO-M214
    • N-M231/Page91, M232/M2188　　　　　
      • N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
        • N1a-L729
          • N-Z1956
            • N-Y149447 China (Shaanxi[1])
            • N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat
              • N1a1a-M178
                • N1a1a1-F1419
                  • N1a1a1a-L708　
                    • N1a1a1a1-P298/M2126 China (Urumqi, Kashgar Prefecture, Turpan, Aksu Prefecture, Xianyang, Jincheng, Kaifeng, Qiqihar[66])
                      • N1a1a1a1a-L392
                        • N1a1a1a1a1-CTS10760
                          • N1a1a1a1a1a-CTS2929/VL29 Found with high frequency among Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, northwestern Russians, Swedish Saami, Karelians, Nenetses, Finns, and Maris, moderate frequency among other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles, and low frequency among Komis, Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashes, Dolgans, Vepsa, Selkups, Karanogays, and Bashkirs[3]
                            • N1a1a1a1a1a1-Z4908
                              • N-Y46443
                                • N-Y46443* Russia (Moscow Oblast[1])
                                • N-BY33095 Russia (Samara Oblast[1])
                              • N1a1a1a1a1a1a-L550/S431
                                • N-L550* Sweden (Kronoberg County[1])
                                • N-Y9454 Sweden (Västra Götaland County,[1] Örebro County[1]), Finland,[1] Russia[1]
                                • N-Y20911 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1])
                                • N-Y7795
                                  • N-Y7795* Sweden (Norrbotten County,[1] Södermanland County[1])
                                  • N-Y29766 Norway (Hedmark[1])
                                  • N-Y20918 Sweden (Östergötland County,[1] Västerbotten County[1]), Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                  • N-Y28771
                                    • N-Y61225 Sweden (Södermanland County,[1] Uppsala County[1])
                                    • N-Y30126
                                      • N-Y30126* Sweden (Östergötland County[1])
                                      • N-Y29764
                                        • N-Y29764* Sweden (Stockholm County[1])
                                        • N-Y30123 Sweden (Västerbotten County[1]), Finland[1]
                                • N-S9378
                                  • N-S9378* Sweden (Västra Götaland County[1])
                                  • N-S18447 Sweden (Södermanland County,[1] Uppsala County[1])
                                  • N-Y36282
                                    • N-Y36282* Finland (Southern Finland Province[1]), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa[1])
                                    • N-BY21957 Poland (Kujawsko-pomorskie[1]), Sweden (Stockholm County[1]), Russia (Pskov Oblast[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                • N-FGC14542
                                  • N-FGC14542* Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                  • N-BY21938 Norway (Hedmark[1]), Sweden (Dalarna County[1])
                                  • N-Y17113 United Kingdom (Suffolk,[1] Scotland[1]), Canada (Manitoba[1]), Norway (Vestfold,[1] Buskerud[1]), Sweden (Västra Götaland County[1])
                                • N-Y4341
                                  • N-BY21874 Sweden (Södermanland County[1]), Finland[1]
                                  • N-Y4338
                                    • N-Y4338*
                                    • N-Y4339 Sweden (medieval Sigtuna[1])
                                      • N-Y12104
                                        • N-Y12104* Sweden (Östergötland County[1])
                                        • N-Y12103 Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Sweden,[1] Norway (Hedmark[1])
                                      • N-Y19111
                                        • N-Y57577 Sweden (Skåne County[1])
                                        • N-Y22774 Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y5611
                                        • N-Y5611* England[1]
                                        • N-Y21546 Sweden (Stockholm County,[1] Västmanland County[1])
                                        • N-F1983 Sweden (Gävleborg County[1]), Russia (Lipetsk Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y10932
                                        • N-Y85136 Sweden (Uppsala County[1])
                                        • N-Y10931 Russia[1]
                                • N1a1a1a1a1a1a1-L1025/B215 Highest frequency among Lithuanians, significant in Latvians and Estonians and lesser frequency in Belarusians, Ukrainians, South-West Russians, and Poles. With exception of Estonians, L1025 has highest share among N-M231 clades in previously mentioned populations. Also observed in Finland and Sweden, with sporadic instances in Norway , Germany , Netherlands, United Kingdom , the Azores, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
                                  • N-L1025* Russia (Kursk Oblast[1])
                                  • N-BY30389 Sweden (Västernorrland County[1]), Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                  • N-Y13982
                                    • N-Y13982* Portugal (Azores[1])
                                    • N-Y31236 Lithuania (Marijampolė County,[1] Vilnius County[1])
                                  • N-A11940
                                    • N-Y140872 Sweden (Södermanland County,[1] Norrbotten County[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                    • N-Y143451 Russia (Bashkortostan[1])
                                  • N-Y5580
                                    • N-Y93996 Lithuania (Šiauliai County[1]), Poland (Podlaskie[1])
                                    • N-BY158 Russia (Voronezh Oblast,[1] Smolensk Oblast,[1] Tatarstan[1]), Belarus (Vitebsk Region[1]), Lithuania (Vilnius County,[1] Šiauliai County,[1] Panevėžys County[1]), Poland (Podlaskie[1]), Ukraine (Poltava Oblast[1]), Kazakhstan (Jambyl Region[1])
                                  • N-Z16975
                                    • N-VL69 Belarus (Minsk Region[1]), Russia (Bryansk Oblast[1]), Kazakhstan (Kostanay Region[1])
                                    • N-Z16976
                                      • N-Z16976* Belarus (Grodno Region[1]), Ukraine (Khmelnytskyi Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y13475 Poland,[1] Lithuania[1]
                                      • N-Y21578 Lithuania (Kaunas County,[1] Telšiai County[1]), Russia (Smolensk Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y6129 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie[1]), Lithuania[1]
                                      • N-Y19113 Poland (Warmińsko-mazurskie[1]), Lithuania (Tauragė County[1])
                                      • N-Y134492 Belarus (Grodno Region,[1] Minsk Region,[1] Mogilev Region[1]), Lithuania,[1] United States (Illinois[1])
                                  • N-L551
                                    • N-L551* Lithuania (Vilnius County[1])
                                    • N-Y15251 Lithuania (Alytus County[1]), Poland (Podlaskie[1])
                                    • N-Y46313 Latvia[1]
                                    • N-Y86578 Russia (Belgorod Oblast[1])
                                    • N-Y14152
                                      • N-BY21911 Poland,[1] Latvia (Krāslava District[1]), Ukraine (Kyiv Oblast[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y13979 Lithuania,[1] Russia (Ryazan Oblast[1]), Germany[1]
                                  • N-Y4706
                                    • N-Y4706* Sweden (Stockholm County,[1] Södermanland County,[1] Västra Götaland County[1]), Germany (Lower Saxony[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1]), Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                                    • N-A705 Sweden (Kalmar County,[1] Östergötland County[1])
                                    • N-BY21893 Poland (Wielkopolskie[1])
                                    • N-Y139030 Sweden (Västerbotten County[1]), Norway (Østfold[1])
                                    • N-Y183040 Russia (Vologda Oblast,[1] Tatarstan[1])
                                    • N-Y4707 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Åland,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1])
                                  • N-Z16981
                                    • N-A2358 England,[1] Finland,[1] Latvia (Daugavpils apriņķis[1])
                                    • N-CTS8173 Estonia (Lääne-Virumaa[1])
                                      • N-BY32524 Estonia (Järvamaa[1]), Finland (Oulu Province[1])
                                      • N-FGC39882 Lithuania (Telšiai County[1])
                                      • N-A11470 Russia (Tyumen Oblast[1]), Lithuania (Panevėžys County[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1]), Netherlands (South Holland,[1] North Brabant[1])
                                      • N-Y15922 Finland (Southern Finland Province[1]), Estonia (Ida-Virumaa,[1] Pärnumaa[1]), Latvia (Valmiera,[1] Liepāja,[1] Talsu apriņķis[1]), Russia (Pskov Oblast[1]), Poland (Pomorskie[1])
                                      • N-Y6075 Poland (Małopolskie,[1] Mazowieckie[1]), Ukraine (Lviv Oblast[1]), Slovakia,[1] Czech Republic (Moravian-Silesian Region[1]), United States (New Jersey[1])
                                      • N-Y11882
                                        • N-Y11882* Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                                        • N-ZS11617 Russia (Yaroslavl Oblast[1]), Lithuania[1]
                                        • N-Y24601 Latvia[1]
                                        • N-Y94659 Lithuania,[1] Belarus (Minsk Region[1])
                                        • N-Y32725
                                          • N-FT96305 Latvia (Krāslava District[1]), Estonia (Viljandimaa[1])
                                          • N-Y33333 Ukraine (Sumy Oblast[1]), Belarus (Brest Region[1])
                            • N1a1a1a1a1a2-CTS9976
                              • N-L1022
                                • N-Y19098
                                  • N-Y19098* Sweden (Västernorrland County[1])
                                  • N-A12258 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                  • N-BY117178 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                • N-Y5004
                                  • N-Y7300
                                    • N-A17632
                                      • N-Y128024 Sweden (Östergötland County[1])
                                      • N-A16017
                                        • N-A16017* Estonia (Raplamaa[1])
                                        • N-A16526
                                          • N-FT216144 Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                          • N-Y95406 Estonia (Tartumaa[1]), Russia (Leningrad Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y7297 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Lapland Province[1])
                                    • N-Y15813
                                      • N-Y15813* Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y49008 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1])
                                      • N-Y46886 Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y15812
                                        • N-A14187 Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Estonia (Läänemaa[1])
                                        • N-Y24617 Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Dalarna County[1]), Russia (Kursk Oblast[1])
                                        • N-Y23576
                                          • N-Y23576* Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                          • N-Y15615
                                            • N-BY100801 Sweden (Dalarna County[1]), Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-A17838 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Stockholm County[1])
                                            • N-Y23179 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1])
                                  • N-Y5005
                                    • N-Y22106
                                      • N-Y47789 Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y79341 Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Västra Götaland County,[1] Värmland County[1])
                                    • N-Y10756
                                      • N-A13656 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Lapland Province[1]), Sweden (Dalarna County[1])
                                      • N-PH2196
                                        • N-CTS11122 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                        • N-A17277 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1])
                                        • N-PH547 Finland (Lapland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Västerbotten County,[1] Norrbotten County[1])
                                    • N-Y5003
                                      • N-Y5003* Estonia (Hiiumaa[1]), Finland (Southern Finland Province[1]), United Kingdom (Westminster[1])
                                      • N-BY22001 Estonia (Läänemaa[1]), Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                      • N-BY6007 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y132182 Sweden (Värmland County[1]), Estonia (Viljandimaa[1])
                                      • N-Y20917 Sweden (Kronoberg County[1]), Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Y24502 United Kingdom (Scottish Borders,[1] Calderdale,[1] Kirklees[1])
                                      • N-Y18420 Finland (Southern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1])
                                      • N-Z35267 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Åland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1]), Estonia (Pärnumaa[1])
                                      • N-Y6599 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1]), Estonia (Jõgevamaa,[1] Hiiumaa[1]), Russia (Tula Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y24000
                                        • N-Y24001 Sweden (Västerbotten County[1]), Norway (Troms[1])
                                        • N-A17082 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1]), Estonia[1]
                                      • N-Y16503 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1]), Sweden (Gävleborg County[1])
                              • N-BY6010 United States (Virginia[1])
                              • N-CTS3451
                                • N-CTS3451* Russian[1]
                                • N-Y3667
                                  • N-BY33087
                                    • N-BY33087* Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                    • N-BY33088 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1]), Russia (Novgorod Oblast[1])
                                  • N-CTS657
                                    • N-CTS657* Finland,[1] Russia (Republic of Karelia,[1] Novgorod Oblast[1])
                                    • N-BY70437 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                    • N-BY6024 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                    • N-Y45925 Russia (Republic of Karelia[1])
                                    • N-Y26750
                                      • N-Y26750* Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast[1])
                                      • N-A16653 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                    • N-PH3568 Finland (Oulu Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province[1])
                          • N1a1a1a1a1b-PH1266/Y28526/F4134
                            • N-Y46746 Russia[1]
                            • N-Y32732
                              • N-Y32732* Russia (Saint Petersburg[1])
                              • N-Y192174
                              • N-Y32731 Russia (Komi Republic[1]), Sweden[1]
                          • N1a1a1a1a1c-B479 Nanai,[3] Ulchi[40]
                        • N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936,CTS10082　Found with high frequency among Finns, Vepsa, Karelians, Swedish Saami, northwestern Russians, Bashkirs, and Volga Tatars, moderate frequency among other Russians, Komis, Nenetses, Ob-Ugrians, Dolgans, and Siberian Tatars, and low frequency among Mordva, Nganasans, Chuvashes, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, and Karanogays[3]　
                          • N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
                            • N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034
                              • N-Y28538
                                • N-Y28538* Russia (Khantia-Mansia[1])
                                • N-L1032 Russia (Khantia-Mansia[1]), Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region[1])
                              • N-L1442 Hungary[77]
                                • N-FT12605 Russia (Lipetsk Oblast[1]), Greece (Arkadia[1])
                                • N-Y23732 Russia (Bashkortostan[1])
                                • N-Y24222
                                  • N-Y24222* Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                                  • N-Y62987 Russia (Bashkortostan,[1] Samara Oblast[1])
                            • N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361
                              • N-Y24361*
                              • N-Y24360 Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                          • N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1934
                            • N-Y159520
                              • N-Y159520* Russia (Tambov Oblast[1])
                              • N-BY184755 Russia (Novgorod Oblast,[1] Voronezh Oblast,[1] Moscow[1])
                            • N-Y18421
                              • N-Y18421* Russia (Tambov Oblast[1])
                              • N-Y19110
                                • N-Y180247
                                  • N-Y180247* Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                                  • N-FT52835 Russia (Tula Oblast,[1] Moscow[1])
                                • N-Y19108
                                  • N-Y19108* Russia (Tatarstan,[1] Kirov Oblast[1])
                                  • N-Y19453
                                    • N-Y19453* Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                                    • N-Y19451 Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Russia (Republic of Karelia,[1] Tver Oblast[1])
                            • N-Z1928/CTS2733
                              • N-YP6091
                                • N-YP6091* Russia (Irkutsk Oblast[1])
                                • N-YP6094
                                  • N-Y129131
                                    • N-Y129131* Russia (Kostroma Oblast[1])
                                    • N-A25107 Russia (Kirov Oblast,[1] HGDP Russian[1])
                                  • N-YP6092
                                    • N-YP6092* Russia (Vologda Oblast[1])
                                    • N-B195
                                      • N-B195* Russia (Sverdlovsk Oblast[1])
                                      • N-Y62142 Russia (Republic of Karelia,[1] Arkhangelsk Oblast[1])
                              • N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1925
                                • N-Z1925* Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                • N-Y29767 Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                • N-Y62904 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1])
                                • N1a1a1a1a2a2a1a1-Z1926
                                  • N-Y20920
                                    • N-Y20920* Finland (Western Finland Province[1]), Norway (Nord-Trøndelag[1])
                                    • N-Y21699 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province[1])
                                  • N-Z1927
                                    • N-Y22108 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1]), Sweden (Stockholm County,[1] Örebro County[1])
                                    • N-Z1933
                                      • N-CTS4329
                                        • N-Y22091
                                          • N-Y22091* Norway (Nordland[1]), Finland (Lapland Province[1])
                                          • N-Y47623
                                            • N-Y47623* Finland (Lapland Province[1])
                                            • N-Y106419 Norway (Finnmark[1])
                                          • N-Y31247
                                            • N-Y31247* Russia (Tver Oblast[1])
                                            • N-Y31249
                                              • N-Y90283 Finland (Lapland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y31244 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-YP6269
                                              • N-YP6269* Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y151660
                                                • N-Y151660* Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                                • N-BY149208 Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                        • N-CTS8565
                                          • N-BY18114 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                          • N-BY30394 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1]), Russia (Udmurt Republic[1])
                                          • N-Y30513
                                            • N-Y30513* Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-Y29759
                                              • N-Y29759* Finland (Lapland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y29758 Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                          • N-Z4998
                                            • N-Z4998* Finland (Southern Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-FGC65190 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)
                                            • N-Y18414 Finland (Western Finland Province)
                                            • N-Y20910 Finland (Western Finland Province)
                                            • N-BY194138 Finland (Southern Finland Province)
                                            • N-Y28547 Finland (Eastern Finland Province)
                                            • N-BY22141 Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), United States (Washington)
                                            • N-FT5834 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
                                            • N-BY190112 Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)
                                            • N-Y19097 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)
                                            • N-CTS3223 Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County, Västerbotten County, Dalarna County, Värmland County, Skåne County), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)
                                      • N-VL62 Russia (Altai Krai,[1] Kostroma Oblast[1]), Estonia (Harjumaa[1]), Finland[1]
                                        • N-VL62* Russia (Chelyabinsk Oblast[1]), Finland[1]
                                        • N-VL60
                                          • N-VL60* Russia (Kurgan Oblast[1])
                                          • N-Y63781 Russia (Vladimir Oblast,[1] Arkhangelsk Oblast[1])
                                        • N-VL72
                                          • N-VL72* Russia (Republic of Karelia[1])
                                          • N-BY30470 Finland (Western Finland Province[1])
                                          • N-Y20915 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                        • N-Z1939
                                          • N-Y132561
                                            • N-Y132565 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-Y152012
                                              • N-Y152012* Finland[1]
                                              • N-Y152010 Russia (Leningrad Oblast)[1]
                                          • N-Z2445
                                            • N-Z35031 Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Västmanland County)
                                            • N-BY28931
                                              • N-Y125841 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y11631 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province[1]), Russia (Leningrad Oblast[1]), Sweden (Norrbotten County[1])
                                            • N-CTS7189
                                              • N-BY142665 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y37149 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y23568 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y80226 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-FT20730 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1]), Russia (Republic of Karelia[1])
                                              • N-BY62666 Finland (Eastern Finland Province[1]), Norway (Oslo[1]), United States (Virginia,[1] Arkansas[1])
                                              • N-Y24218
                                                • N-Y24218* Finland (Lapland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                                • N-Y24217 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province[1]), Russia (Bashkortostan[1])
                                              • N-BY22038 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y13974 Finland (Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1])
                                              • N-Y135981 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1]), Norway (Finnmark[1])
                                        • N-Z4747
                                          • N-Y17790 Finland (Eastern Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Western Finland Province[1])
                                          • N-Z1941
                                            • N-BY22090 Finland (Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province[1])
                                            • N-Y21575 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Lapland Province[1]), Russia (Leningrad Oblast,[1] Moscow,[1] Tatarstan[1])
                                            • N-Z1940 Finland (Western Finland Province,[1] Southern Finland Province,[1] Eastern Finland Province,[1] Oulu Province,[1] Lapland Province[1]), Russia (Leningrad Oblast[1]), Sweden (Värmland County[1])
                        • N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
                          • N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 Found with high frequency among Buryats[3] and Tsaatans,[28] moderate frequency among Karanogays,[3] Tuvans,[3] Todjins,[28] and Mongols,[3][28] and low frequency among Altaians,[3] Siberian Tatars,[3] Kazakhs,[3] Evenks,[3] Crimean Tatars,[3] Karakalpaks,[3] Uzbeks,[3] and Ukrainians[3]
                            • N-F4205* China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Henan, etc.[66])
                            • N-Y16221
                              • N-Y16221* China (Inner Mongolia[1])
                              • N-Y16220
                                • N-Y16220* Ukraine (Luhansk Oblast[1])
                                • N-F22331 Turkey (Mersin[1]), Poland (Małopolskie[1]), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Region ca. 1680 ybp[1])
                                • N-Y63966 Kazakhstan,[1] Turkey,[1] Uzbekistan[1]
                                • N-Y226011
                                  • N-Z35331 China (Ordos City, Haidong, Chengdu[66])
                                    • N-B199 Russia (Buryatia[1]), China (Huasai from Hulunbuir[66])
                                    • N-FT411781 China (Inner Mongolia[1])
                                  • N-Y16312/F2288
                                    • N-Y16312* Uzbekistan,[1] China (Xibo from Shenyang, Chaoyang, Tangshan, Beijing, Nanjing, Chifeng, Xianyang, Tacheng Prefecture[66])
                                    • N-Y16320 Kazakhstan,[1] China (Inner Mongolia[1])
                          • N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 Found with high frequency among Chukchis,[3] Koryaks,[3] and Siberian Eskimos[3]
                      • N1a1a1a1b-M2019/M2118 Estonia,[1][78] China (Hami, Yan'an, Xi'an, Lüliang, Changzhi, Xilingol League, Chifeng, Cangzhou, Songyuan[66])
                        • N-M2058 China (Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, etc.[66][1])
                          • N-M2016 China (esp. Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia[66])
                            • N-M1993
                              • N-FT411801 China (Inner Mongolia[1])
                              • N1a1a1a1b1-M2038/M1995
                                • N-M1932 Yakutia (Yakuts,[1] Even[1])
                                • N-M1991
                                  • N-M1988 Yakutia (Yakuts[1])
                                  • N-Y25011 Yakutia (Yakut,[1] Evenki[1])
                          • N1a1a1a1b2-A9408 China (Hebei, Shandong, Henan, etc.[66]), Lebanon[53][3]
                            • N-Y70200 China[1] (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, etc.[66])
                            • N-PH1612 China (Yulin, Shangqiu, Dezhou, Tangshan, Shenyang[66])
                              • N-A9407/A9411 China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture[66])
                                • N-A9416 Hungary (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg[1]), Croatia (Zadar County[1]), Russia (Chuvash Republic[1])
                                • N-PH1896 Hungary (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén[1]), Turkey (Hatay[1][78]), China (Xinjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Ningxia, Guizhou[66])
                    • N1a1a1a2-B211 (Y9022) Udmurt,[3] Komi,[3] Chuvash,[3] Ob-Ugrians,[3] Mari,[3] Mordva,[3] Altaian,[3] Belarusian,[3] Karanogay,[3] Karelian,[3] Bashkir,[3] Tatar,[78] Russian,[3][78] Khakas[3]
                      • N1a1a1a2a-B181
                        • N-Y182299 Russia (Kirov Oblast, etc.)[1]
                        • N-Y23788 Russia (Bashkortostan, Komi Republic, etc.)[1]
                      • N1a1a1a2b-Y23181
                        • N-Y23183 Russia (Tatarstan, Mordovia, Penza Oblast)[1]
                        • N-Y143277 Russia (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)[1]
                  • N-Y24317
                • N1a1a2-Y23747 Japan (Sado Island[78])
                  • N1a1a2a-Y23749 Japan[3] (Aichi,[1] Hokkaidō[1])
                  • N1a1a2b-Y125664
                    • N-Y125664* Shanghai[1]
                    • N-MF16376
                      • N1a1a2b1-MF38607 Anhui,[1] Hunan[1]
                      • N1a1a2b2-F22150 Hebei,[1] Suzhou[66]
                        • N-FT281705 China (Shandong, Liaoning, etc.[66])
                          • N-MF200125 China (Linyi, Changchun[66])
                          • N-MF43738 China (Tonghua, Handan, Anyang, Qingdao, Weinan, Suzhou, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture[66])
                            • N-MF82671
                              • N-MF124520 China (Henan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanxi, etc.[66])
                              • N-MF58064/F19130 China (Hulunbuir,[66] Daur,[1][66] Oroqen,[1][79] Hinggan League[66])
                        • N-MF15288/MF15344 China (esp. Jiangsu, but also Henan, Fujian, Shanghai, Heilongjiang,[1] etc.[66]), South Korea[1]
                        • N-MF55680 China (Hebei, Beijing, Hubei, etc.[66])
                          • N-MF37603 China (Jiangsu, etc.[66])
                          • N-F21121 China (Shigatse (Tibetan[80][1]), Tai'an[66])
                          • N-MF48201 South Korea,[1] China (Linfen, Baoji[66])
          • N-F1360
            • N-F1360* China (Shaanxi[1])
            • N1a2-F1008/L666
              • N-F1101
                • N-F1101* China (Shandong[1])
                • N-F1154
                  • N-F1154* China (Liaoning[1])
                  • N-Y23741
                    • N-Y23741* China[1]
                    • N1a2a-M128
                      • N-M128* Japan (Fukui)[1]
                      • N-Y23738 Vietnam[1]
                      • N-CTS1350
                        • N-CTS1350* China (Liaoning,[1] Tianjin[1])
                        • N-F1998
                          • N-F1998* China (Beijing Han,[1] Henan[1]), Japan (Kumamoto[1])
                          • N-MF1633 China (Guangdong,[1] Zhejiang[1])
                          • N-MF41795 Korea (North Jeolla Province[1])
                          • N-Y71703
                            • N-Y71703* Japan (Saitama,[1] Hyōgo[1])
                            • N-Y173843
                              • N-Y173843* South Korea[1]
                              • N-Y174089 China (Shandong[1])
                    • N1a2b-B523（P43）
                      • N1a2b-Y126204, VL67/Z35079, BY29083
                        • N-VL67/Z35079
                          • N1a2b1-B478 (P63) Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans, Tuvans, Todzhins,[28] Khakasses, Shorians, Evens, Altaians, Selkups, Evenks, Mongols (Sart-Kalmak,[28] Torgut,[28] Derbet,[28] Buryat), Yakuts, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes
                            • N1a2b1a-B168 Evens
                            • N1a2b1b-B169
                              • N1a2b1b1-B170 Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Inner Mongolia
                              • N1a2b1b2-B175 Tuvinians, Mongols, Evenks, Yakuts, Tomsk Oblast
                          • N1a2b3-B525 Turkey, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Mongols (Xinjiang Kalmyk,[28] Mongolian Torgut[28]), Slovakia, Bulgaria,[1] Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians
                            • N-B525* Afghanistan, Arab
                            • N-BY173686 Russia (Voronezh Oblast[1])
                            • N-VL83 Turkey[1]
                            • N-Y136502 Russia (Tatarstan[1]), Bulgaria (Dobrich[1])
                            • N-Y37153
                              • N-Y37153* Russia (Tatarstan[1])
                              • N-BY29131
                                • N-BY29131* Turkey (Konya[1]), Slovakia (Žilina Region[1])
                                • N-BY30476 Russia (Tatarstan,[1] Penza Oblast[1])
                        • N1a2b2-FGC10872/Y3195
                          • N1a2b2a-FGC10847/Y3185 (L1419) Vepsas, Maris, Russians (Arkhangelsk Oblast), Komis, Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karelians, Western Finland Province, Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Nganasans, Asian Eskimos
                          • N1a2b2b-Y23786
                            • N1a2b2b* Mansis
                            • N1a2b2b1-B528/Y24384 Udmurts, Komis, Khanties, Tatars, Asian Eskimos, Kirov Oblast, Perm Krai, Medny Island
        • N1b-F2905
          • N1b1-CTS582 China (esp. Jiangsu, Yunnan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Heilongjiang[66])
            • N1b1a-Y6374/Z8029
              • N1b1a1-CTS7324 Beijing[1]
              • N1b1a2-L727
                • N1b1a2*-L727 Beijing[1]
                • N1b1a2a-L732 Belarus[56]
                  • N1b1a2a1-F839 China (esp. Jiangsu,[66] Shandong,[66] Zhejiang,[66] Shanghai,[1][66] Henan[66])
                  • N1b1a2a2-Y15972
                    • N-F21018/MF105942 Found all over China but especially in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu[66]
                      • N-Y62279 China (esp. Fujian[1][66] and Guangdong,[66] but also Sichuan,[1][66] Zhejiang,[66] etc.), Taiwan[66]
                      • N-MF155949 China (esp. Zhejiang, but also Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Beijing[66])
                    • N-L733 Hong Kong,[1][81] mainland China (esp. Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu, and Sichuan[66])
                      • N-Y154812 China (Shanxi[1][66])
                        • N-Y16106 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Anhui[66]), Poland[56]
            • N1b1b-Y23789/CTS4309 Iraq[56]
          • N1b2-M1819/N-M1897/CTS12473/F1173 China,[56] Russia [56]
            • N-M1897* ancient DNA from Pingliangtai, Henan (ca. 4,063 [95% CI 3,974 <-> 4,151] ybp)[1]
            • N-M1845
              • N-M1845* China (Sichuan,[1] Shanghai[1])
              • N-M1928
                • N-M1928* Sichuan (Han)[1]
                • N-Y125475
                  • N-Y63516 China (Chongqing[1]), Korea (South Pyongan Province,[1] South Chungcheong Province[1])
                  • N-Y193396 China (Ningxia[1]), Singapore[1]
                  • N-CTS4714
                    • N-CTS4714* China (Naxi,[1] Yunnan Hui[1])
                    • N-F2407
                      • N-Y24191
                        • N-Y24191* China (Shandong[1])
                        • N-Y24193
                          • N-Y24193* China (Hebei[1])
                          • N-Y24190 China (Henan[1]), Japan (Hokkaido[1])
                      • N-M1877
                        • N-M1877* Shigatse (Tibetan)[1]
                        • N-F1486 Chongqing[1]
                          • N-F1486* United Kingdom (Telugu),[1][82] Mongolia[1]
                          • N-M1812
                            • N-F1260
                              • N-F1260* Hubei (Han)[1]
                              • N-Y62067
                            • N-M1823
                              • N-M1823* Chongqing[1]
                              • N-M1811
                                • N-M1811* Beijing (Han),[1] Guangxi[1]
                                • N-Y24355
                                  • N-Y24355* China,[1] Macau,[1] Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[1]
                                  • N-Y64234 Guangdong[1]
      • N2-Y6503
        • N2-Y6503* Altai Republic[1]
        • N2a-P189.2
          • N2a1-Y6516
            • N2a1-Y6516*
            • N2a1a-Y7310
              • N2a1a-Y7310* Romania (Hungarian from Suceava)[1]
              • N2a1a1-Y7313
                • N2a1a1-Y7313*
                • N2a1a1a-BY35494 Russia (Rostov Oblast)[1]
                • N2a1a1b-FGC28435
                  • N2a1a1b-FGC28435* Turkey (Istanbul), Serbia, Montenegro (Plužine), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Croatia[1]
                  • N2a1a1b1-FGC28483 Serbia[1]
          • N2a2-Y111068
            • N2a2a-FT352925 France (Charente-Maritime[1]), Turkey[1]
            • N2a2b-Y101945 United Kingdom (Devon[1]), Russia (Moscow Oblast[1])

History of phylogenetic nomenclature

Main page: Biology:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
N-LLY22g 12 VIII 1U 25 Eu16 H5 F N* N N1 N1 - - - - - - -
N-M128 12 VIII 1U 25 Eu16 H5 F N1 N1 N1a N1a - - - - - - -
N-P63 12 VIII 1U 25 Eu16 H5 F N2 N2a N1b1 N1b1 - - - - - - -
N-TAT 12 VIII 1I 26 Eu13 H5 F N3* N3 N1c N1c - - - - - - -
N-M178 16 VIII 1I 26 Eu14 H5 F N3a* M178 N1c1 N1c1 - - - - - - -
N-P21 16 VIII 1I 26 Eu14 H5 F N3a1 N3a1 N1c1a N1c1a - - - - - - -

Sources The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.


Unreliable mutations (SNPs and UEPs)

The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).

Links to genetics concepts

Y-DNA N subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Footnotes

  1. ↑ In Karafet et al. 2010

References

  1. ↑ 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.007 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.020 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.055 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.067 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.087 1.088 1.089 1.090 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.098 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.107 1.108 1.109 1.110 1.111 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.115 1.116 1.117 1.118 1.119 1.120 1.121 1.122 1.123 1.124 1.125 1.126 1.127 1.128 1.129 1.130 1.131 1.132 1.133 1.134 1.135 1.136 1.137 1.138 1.139 1.140 1.141 1.142 1.143 1.144 1.145 1.146 1.147 1.148 1.149 1.150 1.151 1.152 1.153 1.154 1.155 1.156 1.157 1.158 1.159 1.160 1.161 1.162 1.163 1.164 1.165 1.166 1.167 1.168 1.169 1.170 1.171 1.172 1.173 1.174 1.175 1.176 1.177 1.178 1.179 1.180 1.181 1.182 1.183 1.184 1.185 1.186 1.187 1.188 1.189 1.190 1.191 1.192 1.193 1.194 1.195 1.196 1.197 1.198 1.199 1.200 1.201 1.202 1.203 1.204 1.205 1.206 1.207 1.208 1.209 1.210 1.211 1.212 1.213 1.214 1.215 1.216 1.217 1.218 1.219 1.220 1.221 1.222 1.223 1.224 1.225 1.226 1.227 1.228 1.229 1.230 1.231 1.232 1.233 1.234 1.235 1.236 1.237 1.238 1.239 1.240 1.241 1.242 1.243 1.244 1.245 1.246 1.247 1.248 1.249 1.250 1.251 1.252 1.253 1.254 1.255 1.256 1.257 1.258 1.259 1.260 1.261 1.262 1.263 1.264 1.265 1.266 1.267 1.268 1.269 1.270 1.271 1.272 1.273 1.274 1.275 1.276 1.277 1.278 1.279 1.280 1.281 1.282 1.283 1.284 1.285 1.286 1.287 1.288 1.289 1.290 1.291 1.292 1.293 1.294 1.295 1.296 1.297 1.298 1.299 1.300 1.301 1.302 1.303 1.304 1.305 1.306 1.307 1.308 1.309 1.310 1.311 1.312 1.313 1.314 1.315 1.316 1.317 1.318 1.319 1.320 1.321 1.322 1.323 1.324 1.325 1.326 1.327 1.328 1.329 1.330 1.331 1.332 1.333 1.334 1.335 1.336 1.337 1.338 1.339 1.340 1.341 1.342 1.343 1.344 1.345 1.346 1.347 1.348 1.349 1.350 1.351 1.352 1.353 1.354 1.355 1.356 1.357 1.358 1.359 1.360 1.361 1.362 1.363 1.364 1.365 1.366 1.367 1.368 1.369 1.370 1.371 1.372 1.373 1.374 1.375 1.376 1.377 1.378 1.379 1.380 1.381 1.382 1.383 1.384 1.385 1.386 1.387 1.388 1.389 1.390 1.391 1.392 1.393 1.394 1.395 1.396 1.397 1.398 1.399 1.400 1.401 1.402 1.403 1.404 1.405 1.406 1.407 1.408 1.409 1.410 1.411 1.412 1.413 1.414 1.415 1.416 1.417 1.418 1.419 1.420 1.421 1.422 1.423 1.424 1.425 1.426 1.427 1.428 1.429 1.430 1.431 1.432 1.433 1.434 1.435 1.436 1.437 1.438 1.439 1.440 1.441 1.442 1.443 1.444 1.445 1.446 1.447 1.448 1.449 1.450 1.451 1.452 1.453 1.454 1.455 1.456 1.457 1.458 1.459 1.460 1.461 1.462 1.463 1.464 1.465 1.466 1.467 1.468 1.469 1.470 1.471 1.472 1.473 1.474 1.475 1.476 1.477 1.478 1.479 1.480 1.481 1.482 1.483 1.484 1.485 1.486 1.487 1.488 1.489 1.490 1.491 1.492 1.493 1.494 1.495 1.496 1.497 1.498 1.499 1.500 1.501 1.502 1.503 1.504 1.505 1.506 1.507 1.508 1.509 1.510 1.511 1.512 1.513 1.514 1.515 1.516 1.517 1.518 1.519 1.520 1.521 1.522 1.523 1.524 1.525 1.526 1.527 1.528 1.529 1.530 1.531 1.532 1.533 1.534 1.535 1.536 1.537 1.538 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.543 1.544 1.545 1.546 1.547 1.548 1.549 1.550 1.551 1.552 YFull Haplogroup YTree v6.05.11 at 25 September 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics 48 (6): 593–599. June 2016. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMID 27111036. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77 Ilumäe et al. 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades – 2016 22 August 2016).
  5. ↑ Rootsi et al. 2006
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations". American Journal of Human Biology 30 (6): e23194. November 2018. doi:10.1002/ajhb.23194. PMID 30408262. 
  7. ↑ "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (13): 127. June 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127. PMID 23782551. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Investigating the prehistory of Tungusic peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri region with complete mtDNA genome sequences and Y-chromosomal markers". PLOS ONE 8 (12): e83570. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570. PMID 24349531. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...883570D. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension". Pulmonary Circulation 10 (1): 404–416. 2011. doi:10.1134/S0026893311020117. PMID 32166015. 
  10. ↑ Пять генофондов пяти субэтносов сибирских татар
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 KHARKOV, Vladimir Nikolaevich, "СТРУКТУРА И ФИЛОГЕОГРАФИЯ ГЕНОФОНДА КОРЕННОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СИБИРИ ПО МАРКЕРАМ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ," Genetika 03.02.07 and "АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание учёной степени доктора биологических наук, Tomsk 2012
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (10): 1254–1264. October 2008. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 "Migration waves to the Baltic Sea region". Annals of Human Genetics 72 (Pt 3): 337–348. May 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x. PMID 18294359. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology 19 (1): 139. September 2018. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. PMID 30241495. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 Xue et al. 2006
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension". Pulmonary Circulation 10 (1): 146–152. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2015.09.015. PMID 32166015. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Rootsi et al. 2006.
  18. ↑ "Y-Chromosomal Lineages of Latvians in the Context of the Genetic Variation of the Eastern-Baltic Region". Annals of Human Genetics 79 (6): 418–430. November 2015. doi:10.1111/ahg.12130. PMID 26411886. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics 118 (5): 591–604. January 2006. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics 2 (1): 10. April 2011. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMID 21463511. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1): 47–58. 2006. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. 
  22. ↑ "Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension". Pulmonary Circulation 10 (1): 180–190. 2014. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082. PMID 32166015. 
  23. ↑ "[Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups]". Genetika 43 (5): 675–687. May 2007. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID 17633562. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians". American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (2): 229–246. February 2012. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. PMID 22281367. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 "Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route". Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (1): 717–727. January 2011. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606. 
  26. ↑ "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene 346: 63–70. February 2005. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge". PLOS ONE 8 (10): e76748. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMID 24204668. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...876748D. 
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 27 (9): 1466–1474. September 2019. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0. PMID 30976109. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels". Journal of Human Genetics 58 (12): 804–811. December 2013. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. PMID 24132124. 
  30. ↑ "Genomic Insight Into the Population Admixture History of Tungusic-Speaking Manchu People in Northeast China". Frontiers in Genetics 12: 754492. 2021. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.754492. PMID 34659368. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (10): 1260–1273. October 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. PMID 19259129. 
  32. ↑ "[Genetic analysis of Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA poly-morphism of Mulam ethnic group in Guangxi, China]" (in Chinese). Yi Chuan = Hereditas 35 (2): 168–74. February 2013. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1005.2013.00168. PMID 23448929. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Population structure in contemporary Sweden--a Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Annals of Human Genetics 73 (1): 61–73. January 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00487.x. PMID 19040656. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden - a long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics 14 (8): 963–970. August 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001. 
  35. ↑ Sun Seong Choi, Kyung Hwa Park, Da Eun Nam, Tae Hoon Kang, Ki Wha Chung, et al., "Y-chromosome haplogrouping for Asians using Y-SNP target sequencing."
  36. ↑ Sungwon Jeon, Youngjune Bhak, Yeonsong Choi, et al., "Korean Genome Project: 1094 Korean personal genomes with clinical information." Science Advances 2020; 6 : eaaz7835.
  37. ↑ Soon Hee Kim; Byung Won Chun; Jongwoo Jung; Brian M. Kemp et al. (July 2005). "A preliminary study on the origin of Koreans based on Y-STR variation". International Journal of Legal Medicine 32 (4): 353–359. doi:10.1007/s13258-010-0030-9. 
  38. ↑ KS Jeong; HJ Shin; SJ Lee; HS Kim; JY Kim; MS Han; YH Lee; KW Park et al. (2018). "Genetic characteristics of Y-chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes from cigarette butt samples presumed to be smoked by North Korean men". International Journal of Legal Medicine 40 (8): 819–824. doi:10.1007/s13258-018-0701-5. PMID 30047114. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea--relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses". International Journal of Legal Medicine 126 (4): 589–599. July 2012. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9. PMID 22569803. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Demographic and genetic portraits of the Ulchi population.". Russian Journal of Genetics 54 (10): 1245–1253. October 2018. doi:10.1134/S1022795418100046. 
  41. ↑ "Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau". Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (8): 1761–1778. August 2013. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093. PMID 23682168. 
  42. ↑ "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions.". Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6 (316): 85–95. 2017. 
  43. ↑ "Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people". PLOS ONE 12 (7): e0181935. 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. PMID 28742125. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1281935B. 
  44. ↑ "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP.". Acta Anthropologica Sinica 37 (1): 146–156. March 2018. 
  45. ↑ Yan L (2011). 中国西部人群的遗传混合 [Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China.] (Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Shanghai: Fudan University. pp. 1–84.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Dual origins of the Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz: the admixture of Bronze age Siberian and Medieval Niru'un Mongolian Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics 67 (3): 175–180. March 2022. doi:10.1038/s10038-021-00979-x. PMID 34531527. 
  47. ↑ "Joint Genetic Analyses of Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosome Molecular Markers for a Population from Northwest China". Genes 11 (5): 564. May 2020. doi:10.3390/genes11050564. PMID 32443545. 
  48. ↑ "Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups in the Japanese population and their relationship to 16 Y-STR polymorphisms". Annals of Human Genetics 71 (Pt 4): 480–495. July 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. PMID 17274803. 
  49. ↑ "Analysis of Y chromosome haplogroups in Japanese population using short amplicons and its application in forensic analysis". Legal Medicine 16 (1): 20–25. January 2014. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.10.005. PMID 24262653. https://soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/7125/files/10MH027C_ronbun.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel". Legal Medicine 22: 58–61. September 2016. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.001. PMID 27591541. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Underhill et al. 2000.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "Genetic evidence of an East Asian origin and paleolithic northward migration of Y-chromosome haplogroup N". PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66102. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102. PMID 23840409. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...866102S. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research 25 (4): 459–466. April 2015. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMID 25770088. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Hu K, Yan S, Liu K, Ning C, Wei LH, Li SL, et al. (April 2015). "The dichotomy structure of Y chromosome Haplogroup N.". arXiv:1504.06463 [q-bio.PE].
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia". Science 360 (6396): eaar7711. June 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar7711. PMID 29743352. 
  56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 56.13 56.14 56.15 56.16 56.17 56.18 56.19 56.20 56.21 Tree of Y-DNA haplogroup N-M231 at Family Tree DNA Discover
  57. ↑ "Haplotree.info - ancientdna.info. Map based on All Ancient DNA v. 2.07.26.". https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country&searchfor=Russia&ybp=500000,0. 
  58. ↑ Wen et al. 2004.
  59. ↑ "Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 216. September 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216. PMID 24079706. 
  60. ↑ "N-Z1956 YTree". https://yfull.com/tree/N-Z1956/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Human auditory ossicles as an alternative optimal source of ancient DNA". Genome Research 30 (3): 427–436. March 2020. doi:10.1101/gr.260141.119. PMID 32098773. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension". Pulmonary Circulation 10 (1). 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336628. PMID 32166015. 
  63. ↑ "Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (22): 8471–8476. May 2012. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118760109. PMID 22586127. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.8471D. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancient northeast Asia". Science Advances 7 (2): eabc4587. January 2021. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc4587. PMID 33523963. Bibcode: 2021SciA....7.4587K. 
  65. ↑ "N-L708 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-L708/. 
  66. ↑ 66.00 66.01 66.02 66.03 66.04 66.05 66.06 66.07 66.08 66.09 66.10 66.11 66.12 66.13 66.14 66.15 66.16 66.17 66.18 66.19 66.20 66.21 66.22 66.23 66.24 66.25 66.26 66.27 66.28 66.29 66.30 66.31 66.32 66.33 66.34 66.35 66.36 66.37 66.38 66.39 66.40 66.41 66.42 66.43 66.44 66.45 66.46 66.47 66.48 66.49 66.50 66.51 66.52 66.53 66.54 66.55 66.56 66.57 66.58 66.59 66.60 Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup N at 23mofang
  67. ↑ Kang Hu et al. 2015.
  68. ↑ "Ancient Y-DNA with reconstructed phylogeny provides insights into the demographic history of paternal haplogroup N1a2-F1360". Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao 48 (12): 1130–1133. December 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2021.07.018. PMID 34425243. 
  69. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Marina A. Gubina, Olga L. Posukh, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, "High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life." Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789.
  70. ↑ "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (4): 661–682. April 2004. doi:10.1086/383203. PMID 15024688. 
  71. ↑ https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/N-F2930/detail
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 N-P189.2 YFull, 2018, (24 June 2018).
  73. ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades – 2018, ISOGG, 2018, (24 June 2018).
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature, volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018).
  75. ↑ "Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory". Nature Communications 5: 5257. October 2014. doi:10.1038/ncomms6257. PMID 25334030. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5.5257G. 
  76. ↑ "Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (1): 216. September 2013. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216. PMID 24079706. 
  77. ↑ Y-DNA D Haplogroup Project at Family Tree DNA
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 Haplogroup N North Eurasian YDNA Project at Family Tree DNA
  79. ↑ "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics 5 (5): 13. 2014. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. PMID 25254093. 
  80. ↑ "Reconstruction of Y-chromosome phylogeny reveals two neolithic expansions of Tibeto-Burman populations". Molecular Genetics and Genomics 293 (5): 1293–1300. October 2018. doi:10.1007/s00438-018-1461-2. PMID 29923068. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Exome and genome sequencing of nasopharynx cancer identifies NF-κB pathway activating mutations". Nature Communications 8: 14121. January 2017. doi:10.1038/ncomms14121. PMID 28098136. Bibcode: 2017NatCo...814121L. 
  82. ↑ Biobank of the Coriell Institute for Medical Research

Bibliography

Websites

Sources for conversion tables

Further reading

Phylogenetics

  1. ↑ The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N-M231 haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree (ISOGG 2012).
  2. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M46 (AKA N-Tat) from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M46/N-TAT
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 12
    Underhill 2000 VIII
    Hammer 2001 1I
    Karafet 2001 26
    Semino 2000 Eu13
    Su 1999 H5
    Capelli 2001 F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand) N3*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand) N3
    YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1c
    YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1c
  3. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M178 from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M178
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 16
    Underhill 2000 VIII
    Hammer 2001 1I
    Karafet 2001 26
    Semino 2000 Eu14
    Su 1999 H5
    Capelli 2001 F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand) N3a*
    YCC 2005 (Longhand) M178
    YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1c1
    YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1c1
  4. ↑ This table shows historic names for N-M128 from peer reviewed literature.
    YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) N-M128
    Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 12
    Underhill 2000 VIII
    Hammer 2001 1U
    Karafet 2001 25
    Semino 2000 Eu16
    Su 1999 H5
    Capelli 2001 F
    YCC 2002 (Longhand) N1
    YCC 2005 (Longhand) N1
    YCC 2008 (Longhand) N1a
    YCC 2010r (Longhand) N1a
  5. ↑ This branch is sometimes called N1b in early trees.

External links



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