Place:Chongqing

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Short description: Megacity and provincial-level municipality in southwest China
Chongqing

重庆市

Chungking, Ch'ung-ch'ing
Municipality
Clockwise from top: Yuzhong District skyline, Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 running along Jialing River, bridges under construction in Fengdu County, Chongqing Art Museum
Clockwise from top: Yuzhong District skyline, Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 running along Jialing River, bridges under construction in Fengdu County, Chongqing Art Museum
<mapframe zoom="5" frameless="1" height="200" latitude="29.558" longitude="107.50" width="300">{"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Chongqing"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape"}</mapframe>
Location of Chongqing Municipality within China
Location of Chongqing Municipality within China
Coordinates (Chongqing municipal government): [ ⚑ ] : 29°33′49″N 106°33′01″E / 29.5637°N 106.5504°E / 29.5637; 106.5504
CountryChina
Settledc. 316 BC
Municipal seatYuzhong District
Divisions
 - County-level
 - Township-level
25 districts, 13 counties
1259 towns, townships, and subdistricts
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyChongqing Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryChen Min'er
 • Congress chairmanZhang Xuan (politician) (zh)
 • MayorTang Liangzhi
 • CPPCC chairmanWang Jiong
Area
 • Municipality82,403 km2 (31,816 sq mi)
 • Built up area5,472.8 km2 (2,113.1 sq mi)
Elevation
244 m (801 ft)
Highest elevation
(Yintiao Ling)
2,797 m (9,177 ft)
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Municipality32,054,159
 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
22,251,500[note 1][2]
 • Built up area
8,750,000[3]
Time zoneUTC+8 (CST)
Postal codes
4000 00 – 4099 00
Area code(s)23
ISO 3166 codeCN-CQ
GDP2020[5]
 - Total¥2.50 trillion
$362 billion
 - Per Capita¥78,000
$11,304
 • growthIncrease 3.9%
HDI (2018)0.759[6] (13th) – high
AbbreviationCQ / 渝; Yú
City flowerCamellia[7]
City treeFicus lacor[8]
WebsiteCQ.gov.cn (in Chinese)
English.CQ.gov.cn
Chongqing
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Chongqing (/ˈtʃɔːŋˌtʃɪŋ/ CHAWNG-ching;[9][10] simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Sichuanese pronunciation: [tsʰoŋ˨˩tɕʰin˨˩˦], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ] (About this soundlisten)), alternately romanized as Chungking, is a municipality in southwest China.

Administratively, it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the central government of the People's Republic of China (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality located deep inland.[11] The municipality of Chongqing, roughly the size of Austria, includes the city of Chongqing as well as various discontiguous cities. Due to a classification technicality, the Chongqing municipality can claim to be the largest city proper in the world—though it does not have the world's largest urban area.

During the Republic of China (ROC) era, Chongqing was a municipality located within Sichuan Province. It served as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The current municipality was separated from Sichuan province on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China.[12] The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million.[13] The city of Chongqing, comprising 9 urban and suburban districts, has a population of 8,750,000 as of 2018.[14] According to the 2010 census, Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality,[15] and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China, containing 26 districts, eight counties, and four autonomous counties.

The official abbreviation of the city, "Yú" (渝), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997.[16] This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River.

Chongqing has an extensive history and a rich culture. As one of China's National Central Cities, it serves as a financial center of the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze. It is a major manufacturing and transportation center; a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of China's "13 emerging megalopolises".[17] Chongqing is ranked as a Beta (global second-tier) city.[18] Chongqing is one of the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index,[19] and home to several notable universities, including Chongqing University, Southwest University, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Southwest University of Political Science and Law and Chongqing Normal University.[20][21]

History

Ancient history

Chongqing's location is historically associated with the State of Ba. Its new capital was first called Jiangzhou (江州).[22]

Imperial era

Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang's rule during the Qin dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture (楚州), then again in 581 AD (Sui dynasty) to Yu Prefecture (渝州), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture (恭州).[23] The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for the city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong (渝中, Central Yu).[22] It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" (simplified Chinese: 双重喜庆; traditional Chinese: 雙重喜慶; pinyin: shuāngchóng xǐqìng, or chongqing in short). To mark the occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu.

In 1362, (Yuan dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom (大夏) at Chongqing for a short time.[24] In 1621 (Ming dynasty), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang (大梁) was established by She Chongming (奢崇明) with Chongqing as its capital.[25] In 1644, after the fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan, was captured by Zhang Xianzhong, who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of the Qing emperor.[26]

In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing.[27] The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.[28] From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing.[29][30][31][32]

Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China

A street scene in Chongqing, c. 1944

During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War, from Nov 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital. Indeed, after the General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan, it was formally declared the second capital city (pei du) on 6 September 1940.[33] After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in South East Asia (South East Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell, was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London, Moscow and Washington, D.C.[34] The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell.[35] From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuously massive bombing campaigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces; battles of which were fought entirely by the Republic of China Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units.[36][37] Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took the advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the “City of Heroes” due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during the War of Resistance-World War II. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. In late November 1949, the Nationalist KMT government retreated from the city.[38]

Municipality status

  • Location maps of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian, Qianjiang prefectures in Sichuan before 1997
  • Location of Chongqing Prefecture within Sichuan.png
  • Location of Fuling Prefecture within Sichuan.png
  • Location of Wanxian Prefecture within Sichuan.png
  • Location of Qianjiang Prefecture within Sichuan.png
A sunset view of Jiefangbei CBD and Hongya Cave, taken in 2017

On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the Sub-provincial city with adjacent Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996. The resulting single division became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central/Core cities, the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[39] On 18 June 2010, Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which is the third State-level new areas at the time of its establishment.[40]

Geography

Map including Chongqing (labeled as 重慶 CH'UNG-CH'ING (CHUNGKING)) (AMS, 1954)

Physical geography and topography

Topography of Chongqing

Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub-tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons. It often rains at night in late spring and early summer, and thus the city is famous for its "night rain in the Ba Mountains", as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous Written on a Rainy Night-A Letter to the North by Li Shangyin.[41] The municipality reaches a maximum width of 470 km (290 mi) from east to west, and a maximum length of 450 km (280 mi) from north to south.[42] It borders the following provinces: Hubei in the east, Hunan in the southeast, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and northwest, and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner.[43]

Qutang Gorge on the Yangtze River

Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The whole area slopes down from north and south towards the Yangtze River valley, with sharp rises and falls. The area is featured by a large geological massif, of mountains and hills, with large sloping areas at different heights.[44] Typical karst landscape is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Longshuixia Gap (龙水峡地缝), with its natural arch-bridges, has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well-known Three Gorges: the Qutang, the Wuxia and the Xiling gorges.[45] Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing.[46]

Li Bai's Poem of Chongqing's Baidi Cheng
Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud,

I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day.
With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud,

My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away.

The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. Built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, it is known as a "mountain city" and a "city on rivers".[47] The night scene of the city is very illuminated, with millions of lights and their reflection on the rivers. With its special topographical features, Chongqing has the unique scenery of mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. Li Bai, a famous poet of the Tang dynasty, was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram.[48]

Specifically, the central urban area is located on a huge folding area. Yuzhong District, Nan'an District, Shapingba District and Jiangbei District are located right on a big syncline. And the "Southern Mountain of Chongqing" (Tongluo Mountain), along with the Zhongliang Mountain are two anticlines next to the syncline of downtown.[49]

Zhongliang Mountains (中梁山) and Tongluo Mountains (铜锣山) roughly forms the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. The highest point in downtown is the top of Eling Hill, which is a smaller syncline hill that separates the Yangtze River and Jialing River. The elevation of Eling Hill is 379 m (1,243 ft). The lowest point is Chaotian Gate, where the two rivers merge with each other. The altitude there is 160 m (520 ft). The average height of the area is 259 m (850 ft). However, there are several high mountains outside central Chongqing, such as the Wugong Ling Mountain, with the altitude of 1,709.4 m (5,608 ft), in Jiangjin.

Climate

In the spring and fall, downtown Chongqing is often enshrouded in fog.

Chongqing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), bordering on a monsoonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the "Three Furnaces" of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing, its summers are long and among the hottest and most humid in China, with highs of 33 to 34 °C (91 to 93 °F) in July and August in the urban area.[50] Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 1,055 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 8% in December and January to 48% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 15 December 1975 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.0 °C (109 °F) on 15 August 2006 (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933).[51]

Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year,[52] is known as the "Fog City" (雾都); this is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year.[53][54] During the Second Sino-Japanese War, this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army.

As exemplified by Youyang County below, conditions are often cooler in the southeast part of the municipality due to the higher elevations there.

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Cityscape

Panorama of the Yuzhong District skyline in 2013
Panorama of the Yuzhong District skyline in 2013

  • Jiangbeizui CBD from above, taken in 2018

  • Chaotianmen Bridge connects Jiangbei District with Nan'an District of Chongqing, taken in 2018

  • Jiefangbei (解放碑; 'People's Liberation Monument') is a World War II victory monument

  • Raffles City Chongqing, sitting in the confluence of Yangtze and Jialing River

Politics

The Great Hall of the People serves as the venue for major political conferences in Chongqing

Chongqing has been, since 1997, a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's top leader is the secretary of the municipal committee of the Communist Party of China ("party chief"), which, since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the country's second highest governing council. Under the Soviet-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the Communist Party, and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never a native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang, Wang Yang, Bo Xilai, Zhang Dejiang, and Sun Zhengcai, the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee, the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative.

The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor, who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit.[58]

The municipality also has a People's Congress, theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions, is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with a lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference (zhengxie) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy.

Military

Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1938 to 1946,[59] the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan.[60] After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards.[33] It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun.[61]

Chongqing used to be the headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region, which in 2016 was re-organized into the Western Theater Command.[62]

Administrative divisions

Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011[63]), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km2 (30,900 sq mi), is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million.

Administrative divisions of Chongqing
Division code[64] Division Area in km2[65][full citation needed] Total population 2010[66] Urban area
population 2010[67] 		Seat Postal code Subdivisions[68][full citation needed]
Subdistricts Towns Townships
[n 1] 		Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages
500000 Chongqing 82403 28,846,170 15295803 Yuzhong 400000 181 567 233 14 2324 5235
500101 Wanzhou 3457 1,563,050 859,662 Chenjiaba Subdistrict 404000 11 29 10 2 187 448
500102 Fuling 2946 1,066,714 595,224 Lizhi Subdistrict 408000 8 12 6 108 310
500103 Yuzhong 23 630,090 Qixinggang Subdistrict 400000 12 78
500104 Dadukou 102 301,042 280,512 Xinshancun Subdistrict 400000 5 2 48 32
500105 Jiangbei 221 738,003 672,545 Cuntan Subdistrict 400000 9 3 88 48
500106 Shapingba 396 1,000,013 900,568 Qinjiagang Subdistrict 400000 18 8 140 86
500107 Jiulongpo 431 1,084,419 939,349 Yangjiaping Subdistrict 400000 7 11 107 105
500108 Nan'an 263 759,570 683,717 Tianwen Subdistrict 400000 7 7 85 61
500109 Beibei 754 680,360 501,822 Beiwenquan Subdistrict 400700 5 12 63 117
500110 Qijiang 2747 1,056,817 513,935 Gunan Subdistrict 400800 5 25 99 365
500111 Dazu 1433 721,359 315,183 Tangxiang Subdistrict 400900 3 24 103 197
500112 Yubei 1452 1,345,410 985,918 Shuangfengqiao Subdistrict 401100 14 12 155 215
500113 Banan 1834 918,692 669,269 Longzhouwan Subdistrict 401300 8 14 87 198
500114 Qianjiang 2397 445,012 173,997 Chengxi Subdistrict 409700 6 12 12 80 138
500115 Changshou 1423 770,009 408,261 Fengcheng Subdistrict 401200 4 14 31 223
500116 Jiangjin 3200 1,233,149 686,189 Jijiang Subdistrict 402200 4 24 85 180
500117 Hechuan 2356 1,293,028 721,753 Nanjin Street Subdistrict 401500 7 23 61 327
500118 Yongchuan 1576 1,024,708 582,769 Zhongshan Road Subdistrict 402100 7 16 52 208
500119 Nanchuan 2602 534,329 255,045 Dongcheng Subdistrict 408400 3 15 15 58 185
500120 Bishan 912 586,034 246,425 Bicheng Subdistrict 402700 6 9 43 142
500151 Tongliang 1342 600,086 248,962 Bachuan Subdistrict 402500 3 25 57 269
500152 Tongnan 1585 639,985 247,084 Guilin Subdistrict 402600 2 20 21 281
500153 Rongchang 1079 661,253 271,232 Changyuan Subdistrict 402400 6 15 75 92
500154 Kaizhou 3959 1,160,336 416,415 Hanfeng Subdistrict 405400 7 26 7 78 435
500155 Liangping 1890 687,525 235,753 Liangshan Subdistrict 405200 2 26 7 33 310
500156 Wulong 2872 351,038 115,823 Gangkou town 408500 12 10 4 24 184
500229 Chengkou Co. 3286 192,967 49,039 Gecheng Subdistrict 405900 2 6 17 22 184
500230 Fengdu Co. 2896 649,182 224,003 Sanhe Subdistrict 408200 2 23 5 53 277
500231 Dianjiang Co. 1518 704,458 241,424 Guixi Subdistrict 408300 2 23 2 62 236
500233 Zhong Co. 2184 751,424 247,406 Zhongzhou town 404300 22 5 1 49 317
500235 Yunyang Co. 3634 912,912 293,636 Shuangjiang Subdistrict 404500 4 22 15 1 87 391
500236 Fengjie Co. 4087 834,259 269,302 Yong'an town 404600 19 8 4 54 332
500237 Wushan Co. 2958 495,072 148,597 Gaotang Subdistrict 404700 11 12 2 30 308
500238 Wuxi Co. 4030 414,073 105,111 Baichang Subdistrict 405800 2 15 16 38 292
500240 Shizhu Co. 3013 415,050 134,173 Nanbin town 409100 17 15 29 213
500241 Xiushan Co. 2450 501,590 150,566 Zhonghe Subdistrict 409900 14 18 59 208
500242 Youyang Co. 5173 578,058 137,635 Taohuayuan town 409800 15 23 8 270
500243 Pengshui Co. 3903 545,094 137,409 Hanjia Subdistrict 409600 11 28 55 241
  1. ↑ Including other township related subdivisions.

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of districts
# City Urban area[67] District area[67] Census date
1 Chongqing[lower-roman 1] 6,263,790 7,457,599 2010-11-01
2 Wanzhou 859,662 1,563,050 2010-11-01
3 Hechuan 721,753 1,293,028 2010-11-01
4 Jiangjin 686,189 1,233,149 2010-11-01
5 Fuling 595,224 1,066,714 2010-11-01
6 Yongchuan 582,769 1,024,708 2010-11-01
7 Qijiang[lower-roman 2] 513,935 1,056,817 2010-11-01
(8) Kaizhou[lower-roman 3] 416,415 1,160,336 2010-11-01
9 Changshou 408,261 770,009 2010-11-01
10 Dazu[lower-roman 4] 315,183 721,359 2010-11-01
(11) Rongchang[lower-roman 5] 271,232 661,253 2010-11-01
12 Nanchuan 255,045 534,329 2010-11-01
(13) Tongliang[lower-roman 6] 248,962 600,086 2010-11-01
(14) Tongnan[lower-roman 7] 247,084 639,985 2010-11-01
(15) Bishan[lower-roman 8] 246,425 586,034 2010-11-01
(16) Liangping[lower-roman 9] 235,753 687,525 2010-11-01
17 Qianjiang 173,997 445,012 2010-11-01
(18) Wulong[lower-roman 10] 115,823 351,038 2010-11-01
  1. ↑ Chongqing core districts are consist of nine districts: Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Beibei, Yubei, & Banan.
  2. ↑ Wansheng & Qijiang County currently known as Qijiang after census.
  3. ↑ Kaizhou County is currently known as Kaizhou after census.
  4. ↑ Shuangqiao & Dazu County currently known as Dazu after census.
  5. ↑ Rongchang County is currently known as Rongchang after census.
  6. ↑ Tongliang County is currently known as Tongliang after census.
  7. ↑ Tongnan County is currently known as Tongnan after census.
  8. ↑ Bishan County is currently known as Bishan after census.
  9. ↑ Liangping County is currently known as Liangping after census.
  10. ↑ Wulong County is currently known as Wulong after census.

a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997.

Central Chongqing

Jiefangbei CBD, Yuzhong Peninsula of Chongqing at night

The main urban area of Chongqing city (重庆主城区) spans approximately 5,473 km2 (2,113 sq mi), and includes the following nine districts:[69][70]

  • Yuzhong District (渝中区, or "Central Chongqing District"), the central and most densely populated district, where government and international business offices and the city's best shopping are located in the district's Jeifangbei CBD area. Yuzhong is located on the peninsula surrounded by Eling Hill, Yangtze River and Jialing River.
  • Jiangbei District (江北区, or "River North District"), located to the north of Jialing River.
  • Shapingba District (沙坪坝区), roughly located between Jialing River and Zhongliang Mountain.
  • Jiulongpo District (九龙坡区), roughly located between Yangtze River and Zhongliang Mountain.
  • Nan'an District (南岸区, or "Southern Bank District"), located on the south side of Yangtze River.
  • Dadukou District (大渡口区)
  • Banan District (巴南区, or "Southern Chongqing District"). Previously called Ba County, and changed to the current name in 1994. Its northern area merged into Chongqing, and its capital town Yudong is a satellite city of Chongqing.
  • Yubei District (渝北区, or "Northern Chongqing District"). Previously called Jiangbei County, and changed into the current name in 1994. Its southern area merged into Chongqing, and the capital town Lianglu Town is a satellite city of Chongqing.
  • Beibei District (北碚区), a satellite city northwest of Chongqing.

Demographics

Population

Jiefangbei (People's Liberation Monument), the landmark and center of Chongqing
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19491,003,000—    
19796,301,000+528.2%
198313,890,000+120.4%
199615,297,000+10.1%
1997[71]*28,753,000+88.0%
2000[71]28,488,200−0.9%
2005[71]27,980,000−1.8%
2008[71]28,390,000+1.5%
2012[71]28,846,170+1.6%
2013[71]29,700,000+3.0%
2014[72]29,914,000+0.7%
2015[73]30,170,000+0.9%
*Population size in 1997 was affected by expansion of administrative divisions.

According to a July 2010 article from the official Xinhua news agency, the municipality has a population of 32.8 million, including 23.3 million farmers. Among them, 8.4 million farmers have become migrant workers, including 3.9 million working and living in urban areas of Chongqing.[74] (As of 2010), the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million.[75][76]

This would mean that the locally registered farmers who work in other jurisdictions number 4.5 million, reducing the local, year-round population of Chongqing in 2010 to 28.3 million, plus those who are registered in other jurisdictions but live and work in Chongqing. According to China's 2005 statistical yearbook, of a total population of 30.55 million, those with residence registered in other jurisdictions but residing in the Chongqing enumeration area numbered 1.4 million, including 46,000 who resided in Chongqing "for less than half-year". An additional 83,000 had registered in Chongqing, but not yet settled there.[77]

The 2005 statistical yearbook also lists 15.22 million (49.82%) males and 15.33 million (50.18%) females.[77]

In terms of age distribution in 2004, of the 30.55 million total population, 6.4 million (20.88%) were age 0–14, 20.7 million (67.69%) were 15–64, and 3.5 million (11.46%) were 65 and over.[78]

Of a total 10,470,000 households (2004), 1,360,000 consisted of one person, 2,940,000 two-person, 3,190,000 three-person, 1,790,000 four-person, 783,000 five-person, 270,000 six-person, 89,000 seven-person, 28,000 eight-person, 6,000 nine-person, and 10,000 households of 10 or more persons per household.[79]

Religion

Religion in Chongqing[80][note 2]

  Chinese ancestral religion (26.63%)
  Christianity (1.05%)
  Other or no religion[note 3] (72.32%)

The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian.[80]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects

In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing[81]

The Jade Emperor at the Fengdu Ghost City
Buddhist temple in Jiulongpo

Economy

Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization. For instance, statistics[82] suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 m2 (1,470,000 sq ft) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. In addition, more than 1,300 people moved into the city daily, adding almost 100 million yuan (US$15 million) to the local economy. Thus, Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997[83] in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy).[84] An important industrial area in western China,[85]

Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development.[86] Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common.

Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles.[87] Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise, as well as Ford Motor Company, with the US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company (重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant.[88] Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese. Coal reserves total approximately 4,800,000,000 metric tons (4.7×109 long tons; 5.3×109 short tons). Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m3 – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has the world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe.[89] Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Burma pipelines. The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing[90] and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar, the Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ).[91] Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create a 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports.[92]

The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment.[87][93] The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port.[94] These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford,[95] Mazda,[96] HSBC,[97] Standard Chartered Bank,[98] Citibank,[99] Deutsche Bank,[100] ANZ Bank,[101] Scotiabank,[102] Wal-Mart,[103] Metro AG[104] and Carrefour,[105] among other multinational corporations.

Chongqing's nominal GDP in 2011 reached 1001.1 billion yuan (US$158.9 billion) while registering an annual growth of 16.4%. However, its overall economic performance is still lagging behind eastern coastal cities such as Shanghai. For instance, its per capita GDP was 22,909 yuan (US$3,301) which is below the national average. Nevertheless, there is a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development.[106]

Chongqing has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[107]

Economic and technological development zones

The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones:

  • Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park[108]
  • Chongqing Economic & Technological Development Zone[109]
  • Chongqing Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone[110]
  • Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ)[111]
  • Chongqing Export Processing Zone[112]
  • Jianqiao Industrial Park (located in Dadukou District)[113]
  • Liangjiang New Area[114]
  • Liangjiang Cloud Computing Center (the largest of its kind in China)[115]

Chongqing itself is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone, along with Chengdu and Xi'an.

Education

Colleges and universities

Entrance to the Nankai School
  • Chongqing University (重庆大学)
  • Southwest University (西南大学)
  • Chongqing University of Science and Technology (重庆科技学院)
  • Southwest University of Political Science and Law (西南政法大学)
  • Third Military Medical University (第三军医大学)
  • Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (重庆邮电大学)
  • Chongqing University of Technology (重庆理工大学)
  • Chongqing Jiaotong University (重庆交通大学)
  • Chongqing Medical University (重庆医科大学)
  • Chongqing Normal University (重庆师范大学)
  • Chongqing Technology and Business University (重庆工商大学)
  • Chongqing Three Gorges University (重庆三峡学院)
  • Chongqing Telecommunication Institute (重庆通讯学院)
  • Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (四川美术学院)
  • Sichuan International Studies University (四川外国语大学)
  • University of Logistics (后勤工程学院)
  • Chongqing University of Arts and Science (重庆文理学院)
  • Yangtze Normal University (长江师范学院)
  • Chongqing University of Education (重庆第二师范学院)

Notable high schools

  • Fuling Experimental High School (涪陵实验中学)
  • Chongqing No.1 Secondary School (重庆一中)
  • Chongqing Nankai Secondary School (重庆南开中学)
  • Chongqing No.8 Secondary School (重庆八中)
  • Bashu Secondary School (巴蜀中学)
  • Chongqing Railway High School (重庆铁路中学)
  • Chongqing Yucai Secondary School (育才中学)
  • Chongqing Foreign Language School (The High School Affiliated to Sichuan International Studies University 重庆一外)
  • Verakin High School of Chongqing (The 2nd Chongqing Foreign Language School, 重庆二外)
  • Chongqing Qiujing High School (求精中学)
  • High School Affiliated to Southwest University (西南大学附中)
  • Chongqing NO.18 Secondary School (重庆十八中)

International schools

  • Yew Chung International School of Chongqing (重庆耀中国际学校)[116]
  • KL International School of Chongqing Bashu (重庆市诺林巴蜀外籍人员子女学校)[117]

Transport

Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its transportation infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China.

(As of October 2014), the municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core.[118] Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995.

Public transit

A train of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 coming through a residential building at Liziba

Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro, intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network.

According to the Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is investing 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with heavy monorail (called 'light rail' in China).

(As of 2017), four metro lines, the 14 km (8.7 mi) long CRT Line 1, a conventional subway, and the 19 km (12 mi) long heavy monorail CRT Line 2 (through Phase II), Line 3, a heavy monorail connects the airport and the southern part of downtown.,[119] Line 6, runs between Beibei, a commuter city in the city's far north to downtown.[120] Line 5 opened in late 2017.

By 2020 CRT will consist of 6 straight lines and 1 circular line resulting in 363.5 km (225.9 mi) of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new train stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place.[121]

By 2050, Chongqing will have as many as 18 lines that are planned to be in operation.[122]

Aerial tramway

An aerial tramway across the Yangtse river in Chongqing CBD Photo by Chen Hualin

Chongqing is the only Chinese city that keeps public aerial tramways. Historically there were three aerial tramways in Chongqing: the Yangtze River Tramway, the Jialing River Tramway and the South Mountain Tramway. Currently, only Yangtze River Tramway is still operating and it is Class 4A Tourist Attractions in China. The 1,160-meter (3,810 ft)-long tramway connects the southern and northern banks of Yangtze River; its daily passenger volume is about 10,000.

River port

Hydrofoil on the Yangtze in the outer reaches of the municipality

Chongqing is one of the most important inland ports in China. There are numerous luxury cruise ships that terminate at Chongqing, cruising downstream along the Yangtze River to Yichang, Wuhan, Nanjing or even Shanghai.[citation needed] In the recent past, this provided virtually the only transportation option along the river. However, improved rail, expressways and air travel have seen this ferry traffic reduced or cancelled altogether. Most of the river ferry traffic consists of leisure cruises for tourists rather than local needs. Improved access by larger cargo vessels has been made due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This allows bulk transport of goods along the Yangtze River. Coal, raw minerals and containerized goods provide the majority of traffic plying this section of the river. Several port handling facilities exist throughout the city, including many impromptu river bank sites.[123]

Railways

Chongqing funicular railway

Major train stations in Chongqing:

  • Chongqing railway station in Yuzhong, accessible via Metro Lines 1 & 3 (Lianglukou Metro station), is the city's oldest railway station and located near the city center. The station handles mostly long-distance trains. There are plans for a major renovation and overhaul of this station, thus many services have been transferred to Chongqing North Railway Station.
  • Chongqing North railway station is a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to Chengdu, Beijing and other cities. It was completed in 2006 and is connected to Metro Line.
  • Chongqing West railway station is in Shapingba, a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to many cities. It is completed in 2018.
  • Shapingba railway station is in Shapingba, near Shapingba CBD, accessible via Metro Line 1. It handles many local and regional train services. It is completed in 2018.

Chongqing is a major freight destination for rail with continued development with improved handling facilities. Due to subsidies and incentives, the relocation and construction of many factories in Chongqing has seen a huge increase in rail traffic.

Chongqing is a major rail hub regionally.

  • Chengdu–Chongqing railway to Chengdu
  • Sichuan-Guizhou railway to Guiyang
  • Xiangyang–Chongqing railway to Hubei
  • Chongqing–Huaihua railway to Hunan
  • Chongqing-Suining railway (Sichuan province)
  • Chongqing-Lichuan railway to Hubei
  • Chongqing–Lanzhou railway (Gansu) railway

Highways

Traditionally, the road network in Chongqing has been narrow, winding and limited to smaller vehicles because of the natural terrain, large rivers and the huge population demands on the area, especially in the Yuzhong District. In other places, such as Jiangbei, large areas of homes and buildings have recently been cleared to improve the road network and create better urban planning; thus, several ring roads have also been constructed. This has seen many tunnels and large bridges needing to be built across the city. The construction of many expressways have connected Chongqing to its neighbors. The natural mountainous terrain that Chongqing is built on makes many road projects difficult to construct, including for example some of the world's highest road bridges.[124]

Unlike many other Chinese cities, it is rare for motorbikes, electric scooters or bicycles to be seen on Chongqing's Roads. This is due to the extremely hilly and mountainous nature of Chongqing's roads and streets. However, despite this, Chongqing is a manufacturing center for these types of vehicles.[125]

  • Chongqing-Chengdu Expressway
  • Chongqing-Chengdu 2nd Expressway (under construction)
  • Chongqing-Wanzhou-Yichang Highway (Wanzhou-Yichang section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Guiyang Highway
  • Chongqing-Changsha Expressway (Xiushan-Changsha section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Dazhou-Xi'a Highway (Dazhou-Xi'an section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Suining Expressway
  • Chongqing-Nanchong Expressway
  • China National Highway 210
  • China National Highway 212

Bridges

View of Chaotianmen Bridge across the Yangtze River in Chongqing

With so many bridges crossing the Yangtze and Jialing rivers in the urban area, Chongqing is sometimes known as the 'Bridge Capital of China'. The first important bridge in urban Chongqing was the Niujiaotuo Jialing River Bridge, built in 1958. The first bridge over the Yangtze river was the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge (or Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge) built in 1977.

As of 2014, within the area of the 9 districts, there were 20 bridges on the Yangtze river and 28 bridges on the Jialing river. The bridges in Chongqing exhibit a variety of shapes and structures, making Chongqing a showcase for bridge design.

Airports

Departure Level of Terminal 3, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport

The major airport of Chongqing is Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (IATA: CKG, ICAO: ZUCK). It is located in Yubei District. The airport offers a growing network of direct flights to China, South East Asia, the Middle East, North America, and Europe. It is located 21 km (13 mi) north of the city center of Chongqing and serves as an important aviation hub for south-western China.[126] Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines, Chongqing Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, China Express Airlines, Shandong Airlines and Hainan Airlines's new China West Air. Chongqing also is a focus city of Air China, therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and Skyteam's international network. The airport currently has three parallel runways in operation. It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities, as well as international routes to Auckland, New York City , London, Los Angeles , Moscow, Doha, Dubai, Seoul, Bangkok, Phuket, Osaka , Singapore, Chiang Mai, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Malé, Bali, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Batam, Rome and Helsinki. As of 2018, Jiangbei Airport is the 9th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in mainland China.[127]

Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Chongqing Airport has metro access (CRT Line 3 and Line 10) to its central city, and two runways in normal use.[128]

There are four other airports in Chongqing Municipality: Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport, Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, Wulong Xiannüshan Airport, and Wushan Shennüfeng Airport. They are all class 4C airports and serve passenger flights to domestic destinations including Beijing, Shanghai and Kunming.

Culture

Language

Zhongshan Ancient Town, Jiangjin, Chongqing

The language native to Chongqing is Southwestern Mandarin. More precisely, the great majority of the municipality, save for Xiushan, speak Sichuanese, including the primary Chengdu-Chongqing dialect and Minjiang dialect spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang.[129] There are also a few speakers of Xiang and Hakka in the municipality, due to the great immigration wave to the Sichuan region (湖广填四川) during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In addition, in parts of southeastern Chongqing, the Miao and Tujia languages are also used by some Miao and Tujia people.[130]

Tourism

Chongqing Grand Theater
Martyrs' Cemetery
Chongqing Art Museum

As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years (1937 to 1945), the city was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies during World War II, as well as being a strategic center of many other wars throughout China's history. Chongqing has many historic war-time buildings or sites, some of which have since been destroyed. These sites include the People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city. It used to be the highest building in the area, but is now surrounded and dwarfed by numerous shopping centers. Originally named the Monument for the Victory over Axis Armies, it is the only building in China for that purpose.[131] Today, the monument serves as a symbol for the city. The General Joseph W. Stilwell Museum, dedicated to General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell, a World War II general.[132] the air force cemetery in the Nanshan area, in memory of those air force personnel killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), and the Red Rock Village Museum, a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II, and Guiyuan, Cassia Garden, where Mao Zedong signed the "Double 10 (10 October) Peace Agreement" with the Kuomintang in 1945.[133]

The Hongya Cave (Hongya-dong) traditional Bayu-style stilted houses at Jiefangbei CBD
The steep path up to the front gate of Fishing Town
Ciqikou ancient road in Shapingba District
  • The Baiheliang Underwater Museum, China's first underwater museum,[134]
  • The Memorial of Great Tunnel Massacre, a former air-raid shelter where a major massacre occurred during World War II.
  • The Great Hall of the People in Chongqing is based on the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. This is one of the largest public assembly buildings in China which, though built in modern times, emulates traditional architectural styles. It is adjacent to the densely populated and hilly central district, with narrow streets and pedestrian only walkways,[135]
  • The large domed Three Gorges Museum presents the history, culture, and environment of the Three Gorges area and Chongqing.
  • Chongqing Art Museum is known for striking architecture.
  • Chongqing Science and Technology Museum has an IMAX theater.
  • Luohan Si, a Ming dynasty temple,[136]
  • Huangguan Escalator, the second longest escalator in Asia.
  • Former sites for embassies of major countries during the 1940s. As the capital at that time, Chongqing had many residential and other buildings for these officials.[137]
  • Wuxi County, noted as a major tourism area of Chongqing,[138]
  • The Dazu Rock Carvings, in Dazu county, are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century A.D., depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs.,[139]
  • The Three Natural Bridges and Furong Cave in Wulong Karst National Geology Park, Wulong County are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the South China Karst,[140][141]
  • Ciqikou is a 1000-year-old town in the Shapingba District of Chongqing. It is also known as "Little Chongqing". The town, located next to the lower reaches of the Jialing River, was at one time an important source of china-ware and used to be a busy commercial dock during the Ming and Qing dynasties,[142]
  • Fishing Town or Fishing City is one of the three great ancient battlefields of China. It is noted for its resistance to the Mongol armies during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) and the location where the Mongol leader Möngke Khan died in 1259,[143]
  • Xueyu Cave in Fengdu County is the only example of a pure-white, jade-like karst cave in China,[144]
  • Fengdu Ghost City in Fengdu County is the Gate of the Hell in traditional Chinese literature and culture.
  • Snowy Jade Cave, see Xueyu Cave (above).
  • Baidi Cheng, a peninsula in Yangtze River, known due to a famous poem by Li Bai.
  • The Chongqing Zoo, a zoo that exhibits many rare species including the giant panda, the extremely rare South China tiger, and the African elephant.[145]
  • Chongqing Amusement Park.
  • Chongqing Grand Theater, a performing arts center.
  • Foreigners' Street was an amusement park, including the Porcelain Palace, the world's largest toilet. Also the location of the abortive Love Land development in 2009.
  • The Black Mountain Valley (Heishangu).[146]
  • Hongya Cave (aka Hongya Dong), a pier stilt house fortress that served as one of the 17 city gates of Ancient Chongqing is a popular tourist attraction for its architecture.

Cuisine

Chongqing food is part of Sichuan cuisine. Chongqing is known for its spicy food. Its food is normally considered numbing because of the use of Sichuan pepper, also known as Sichuan peppercorn, containing hydroxy alpha sanshool. Chongqing's city center has many restaurants and food stalls where meals often cost less than RMB10. Local specialties here include dumplings and pickled vegetables and, different from many other Chinese cuisines, Chongqing dishes are suitable for the solo diner as they are often served in small individual sized portions.[147] Among the delicacies and local specialties are these dishes:

Typical Chongqing hot pot served with minced shrimp, tripes, pork aorta, goose intestine, and kidney slices.
Chongqing Xiao mian with peas and spicy bean paste
  • Chongqing hot pot– Chongqing's local culinary specialty which was originally from Northern China. Tables in hot pot restaurants usually have a central pot, where food ordered by the customers is boiled in a spicy broth, items such as beef, pork, tripe, kidney slices, pork aorta and goose intestine are often consumed.[148]
  • Chongqing Xiao Mian – a common lamian noodle dish tossed with chili oil and rich mixtures of spices and ingredients
  • Jiangtuan fish – since Chongqing is located along Jialing River, visitors have a good opportunity to sample varieties of aquatic products. Among them, is a fish local to the region, Jiangtuan fish: Hypophthalmichthys nobilis although more commonly known as bighead carp.[149] The fish is often served steamed or baked.[150]
Laziji is famous for its crispy texture
  • Suan La Fen (Sour and Spicy Sweet-Potato Noodles) – Thick, transparent noodles of rubbery texture in a spicy vinegar soup.[151]
  • Lazi Ji (Spicy Chicken) – A stir-fried dish consists of marinated then deep-fried pieces of chicken, dried Sichuan chili peppers, Sichuan peppers, garlic, and ginger,[152] originated near Geleshan in Chongqing.[153]
  • Quanshui Ji (Spring Water Chicken) – Quanshui Ji is cooked with the natural spring water in the Southern Mountain of Chongqing.
  • Pork leg cooked with rock sugar – A common household dish of Chongqing, the tender, reddish finished dish, has been described as having strong and sweet aftertaste.[154]
  • Qianzhang (skimmed soy bean cream) – Qianzhang is the cream skimmed from soybean milk. In order to create this, several steps must be followed very carefully. First, soybeans are soaked in water, ground, strained, boiled, restrained several times and spread over gauze until delicate, snow-white cream is formed. The paste can also be hardened, cut into slivers and seasoned with sesame oil, garlic and chili oil. Another variation is to bake the cream and fry it with bacon, which is described as soft and sweet.[155]

Media

The Chongqing People's Broadcast Station is Chongqing's largest radio station.[156] The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV, claimed to be the 4th largest television station in China.[157] Chongqing TV broadcasts many local-oriented channels, and can be viewed on many TV sets throughout China.

Sports and recreation

Basketball

Chongqing Soaring Dragons became the 20th team playing in Chinese Basketball Association in 2013. They play at Datianwan Arena, in the same sporting complex as Datianwan Stadium.[158] The team moved to Beijing in 2015 and is currently known as Beijing Royal Fighters.

Soccer

Professional soccer teams in Chongqing include:

  • Chongqing Lifan (Chinese Super League)
  • Chongqing F.C., folded

Chongqing Lifan is a professional Chinese soccer club that currently plays in the Chinese Super League. They are owned by the Chongqing-based Lifan Group, which manufactures motorcycles, cars and spare parts.[159] Originally called Qianwei (Vanguard) Wuhan, the club formed in 1995 to take part in the recently developed, fully professional Chinese Soccer League. They would quickly rise to top tier of the system and experience their greatest achievement in winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup,[160] and coming in fourth within the league. However, since then they have struggled to replicate the same success, and have twice been relegated from the top tier.[161]

Chongqing FC was a soccer club located in the city that competed in China League One, the country's second-tier soccer division, before being relegated to the China League Two, and dissolved due to a resultant lack of funds.[162]

Sport venues

Sport venues in Chongqing include:

  • The Chongqing Olympic Sports Center is a multipurpose stadium. It is currently used mostly for soccer matches, as it has a grass surface, and can hold 58,680. It was built in 2002 and was one of main venues for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup.[163]
  • Yanghe Stadium is a multiuse stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium holds 32,000 people, and is the home of Chongqing Lifan in the Chinese Super League. The stadium was purchased by the Lifan Group in 2001 for RMB80 million and immediately replaced Datianwan Stadium as the home of Chongqing Lifan.[164]
  • Datianwan Stadium is a multipurpose stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium has a capacity 32,000 people, and up until 2001 was the home of Chongqing Lifan.[165]

Cloud Valley

At the end of 2020, a collaboration between a Danish architecture firm and a Chinese tech company Terminus was announced, taking the form of an AI-controlled campus. The project is named Cloud Valley and aims to use sensors and WiFi-controlled devices to collect data on the city's residents and atmosphere, including weather and eating and sleeping habits. The AI will adapt devices to work in a way that fits the gathered information and improves residents' lives.[166]

Notable people

  • Ba Manzi: a legendary hero of Ba kingdom in Zhou dynasty
  • Ba Qing, the Widow: the earliest known female merchant in Chinese history who provided huge financial aid to Qin Shi Huang to construct the Great Wall
  • Gan Ning: a general serving under warlord Sun Quan in the last years of Han dynasty
  • Yan Yan: a loyal general during Three Kingdoms period
  • Lanxi Daolong: a famous Buddhism monk and philosopher in Song dynasty who went to Japan and established the Kenchō-ji
  • Qin Liangyu: a popular heroine in Ming dynasty who fought against Manchus
  • Nie Rongzhen: marshal of the People's Liberation Army of China
  • Liu Bocheng: an early leader of Chinese communist party during Anti-Japanese War
  • Lu Zuofu: a notable patriotic industrialist and businessman who was a member of Chinese United League and a leader of Railway Protection Movement, established the Beibei District, Chongqing Natural History Museum, Jianshan High School, the Northern Hot Spring Park of Chongqing and Beibei Library, and served as the chief official of Food Bureau during Republic of China period.
  • Liu Yongqing: wife of the former president and Party general secretary Hu Jintao
  • Zhonghua Pang: a well-known calligrapher and geologist born in Sichuan but raised and lived in Chongqing
  • Liu Xiaoqing: an actress
  • Chen Kun: Chinese actor and singer
  • Tian Liang: Olympic diving gold medalist
  • Li Yundi: a pianist
  • Karry Wang: A member of the pop band TFBoys and an actor
  • Roy Wang: a singer-songwriter and member of TFBoys, also an actor and TV host
  • Huang Junjie : an actor
  • Jiang Qinqin: an actress
  • Li Hua: artist who studied in Europe
  • An Qi: singer, a member of the pop band THE9
  • Xiao Zhan: actor, singer, and member of the boy group X Nine
  • Pan Wenhua: born in Renshou County, Sichuan Province, was a famous military general who was regarded as a born military prodigy
  • Zhou Zhennan: a leader of C-pop group R1SE
  • Yao Chen : a member of C-pop group R1SE
  • Zhang Yanqi : a member of C-pop group R1SE
  • Feng Timo : Singer, pop-star and internet personality
  • Li Ying (footballer, born 1993): First Chinese Soccer Player to come out as Lesbian

International relations

Consulates

Consulate Date Consular District
Canada Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 05.1998 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
United Kingdom Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 03.2000 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Cambodia Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 12.2004 Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi
Japan Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 01.2005 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi
Denmark Consulate, Chongqing[167] 07.2005 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Philippines Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 12.2008 Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan
Hungary Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 02.2010 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu
Ethiopia Consulate-General, Chongqing[167] 11.2011 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Italy Consulate-General, Chongqing[168] 12.2013 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Netherlands Consulate-General, Chongqing[168] 01.2014 Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou
Uruguay Consulate-General, Chongqing[169] 12.2019 Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu

Twin towns – sister cities

Chongqing has sister city relationships with many cities of the world including:


  • Toulouse, France (1982)
  • Seattle, United States (1983)[170]
  • Toronto, Canada (1986)
  • Hiroshima, Japan (1986)
  • Leicester, United Kingdom (1993)
  • Voronezh, Russia (1993)
  • Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine (2002)
  • Mpumalanga, South Africa (2002)
  • Sliven, Bulgaria (2002)
  • Düsseldorf, Germany (2004)
  • Brisbane, Australia (2005)[171]
  • Shiraz, Iran (2005)
  • Aswan, Egypt (2005)
  • Busan, South Korea (2007)
  • Sør-Trøndelag, Norway (2007)
  • Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (2008)
  • Córdoba, Argentina (2010)
  • Budapest, Hungary (2010)
  • Bangkok, Thailand (2005)
  • Antwerp, Belgium (2011)
  • Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (2011)
  • Chennai, India (2015)
  • Maribor, Slovenia (2017)
  • Telde, Spain (2018)


See also

  • List of cities in China by population and built-up area
  • List of twin towns and sister cities in China
  • Major national historical and cultural sites in Chongqing

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Total urban population in the municipality.
  2. ↑ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[80] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② folk traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people practicing ancestral worship are often classified into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, etc.) was not reported by Wang.
  3. ↑ This may include:

References

Citations

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  125. ↑ Bicycles rare in Chongqing
  126. ↑ "CJIA Stats". Theairdb.com. http://theairdb.com/airport/CKG.html. 
  127. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). Civil Aviation Administration of China. 5 March 2019. http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/201903/P020190305338562571372.xls?COLLCC=3782305670&. 
  128. ↑ Chongqing Airport Profile
  129. ↑ 翟时雨 (Ruo Shiyu) (2003). "中篇第四节：四川话的分区 (The divisions of the Sichuan dialect)" (in zh-hans). Southwest China Normal University Press (西南师范大学出版社). ISBN 978-7-5621-2942-4. 
  130. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.aluzhou.com/custom/detail.asp?ID=127. 
  131. ↑ "People's Liberation Monument". Chongqingwomen.com. http://chongqingwomen.com/peoples-liberation-monument.html. 
  132. ↑ "General Joseph Stillwell Museum". Travelchinaguide.com. 17 May 1944. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/chongqing/stilwell.htm. 
  133. ↑ "Red Rock Village Museum". Beijingfeeling.com. 15 September 2013. http://www.beijingfeeling.com/chongqing-travel/chongqing-tourist-attractions/. 
  134. ↑ "Chongqing: The First Underwater Museum in China has Been Built and Opened". Chinahush. 21 May 2009. http://www.chinahush.com/2009/05/21/chongqing-the-first-underwater-museum-in-china-has-been-built-and-opened/. 
  135. ↑ "Great Hall of the People". Placesonline.com. http://www.placesonline.com/asia/china/chongqing/photo_detail.asp?filename=13154_chongqing_great_hall_of_the_people. 
  136. ↑ "Luohan Si". Fodors.com. 28 May 2013. http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/china/sichuan-and-chongqing/review-434671.html. 
  137. ↑ www.chinaeducenter.com. "Embassies List". Chinaeducenter.com. http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/life/embassylistchongqing.php. 
  138. ↑ "Wuxi County". English.51766.com. http://english.51766.com/detail/city_detail.jsp?prov_id=1006656. 
  139. ↑ "Dazu Rock Carvings". China.org.cn. 12 September 2003. http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/75136.htm. 
  140. ↑ "China: Three Natural Bridges National Geopark". Naturalarches.org. http://www.naturalarches.org/gallery-china3bridges.htm. 
  141. ↑ "Furong Cave". Gxnu.edu.cn. http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/KDL/Cave/furong.htm. 
  142. ↑ "Ciqkou". Blog.seattlechinesegarden.org. http://blog.seattlechinesegarden.org/2012/03/ciqikou-delegation-visits-old-town.html. 
  143. ↑ "Fishing Town". Chongqingwomen.com. http://chongqingwomen.com/fishing-town.html. 
  144. ↑ Xueyu Cave
  145. ↑ "Chongqing Zoo Profile and Pictures". Travelchinaguide.com. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/picture/chongqing/zoo.htm. 
  146. ↑ "Black Mountain Valley". Travelchinaguide.com. https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/chongqing/black-mountain-valley.htm. 
  147. ↑ SinoHotelGuide.com. "Chongqing Dining Overlook" (in nl). Sinohotelguide.com. http://www.sinohotelguide.com/chongqing/tour/cuisine.html. 
  148. ↑ "Chongqing Hot Pot & Dining Guide". Travelchinaguide.com. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/chongqing/dining1.htm. 
  149. ↑ "Bighead Carp, or Jiangtuan Fish". Nas.er.usgs.gov. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=551. 
  150. ↑ "Jiangtuan Fish". Chinatravelcompass.com. http://www.chinatravelcompass.com/chonqing/dinning/qianzhang.html. 
  151. ↑ Holliday, Taylor (20 July 2019). "Sour and Spicy Sweet-Potato Noodles (Suan La Fen) and a Spicy Girl Graduates" (in en-US). https://blog.themalamarket.com/sour-and-spicy-sweet-potato-noodles-suan-la-fen-and-a-spicy-girl-graduates/. 
  152. ↑ Dunlop, Fuchsia (17 January 2014). "Recipe: Firecracker poussin with chillies". https://www.ft.com/content/a1095668-7d7a-11e3-a48f-00144feabdc0#axzz2qgEgwxwU. 
  153. ↑ Knyazeva, Katya (26 January 2010). "The search for the best la zi ji in Shanghai". http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/eat/chopstick-challenge-la-zi-ji-338888. 
  154. ↑ "Chongqing Dining, Dining in Chongqing, Chongqing cuisine, Chongqing Food, Chongqing restaurants". Chinatourguide.com. http://www.chinatourguide.com/chongqing/chongqing_dining.html. 
  155. ↑ "Qianzhang". Chinatourguide.com. http://www.chinatourguide.com/chongqing/chongqing_dining.html. 
  156. ↑ "Chinese radio stations". Chinaculture.org. 24 September 2003. http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_23654.htm. 
  157. ↑ Bandurski, David (1 June 2011). "Chongqing's TV revolution". Cmp.hku.hk. http://cmp.hku.hk/2011/06/01/12940/. 
  158. ↑ "Beijing Events | the Beijinger". http://www.thebeijinger.com/events/2014/nov/watch-beijing-ducks-home-game-against-chongqing-soaring-dragons.  Beijing Ducks vs. Chongqing
  159. ↑ "Lifan Group buys Chongqing soccer team". China.org.cn. http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2004-01/08/content_1084245.htm. 
  160. ↑ "2000 Chinese FA Cup". Rsssf.com. 8 March 2007. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/chinacup00.html. 
  161. ↑ "Chongqing Lifan F.C". Soccerway.com. 9 January 2013. https://int.soccerway.com/teams/china-pr/chongqing-qiche/. 
  162. ↑ "Archived copy". http://sports.sohu.com/20131222/n392181262.shtml.  Chongqing FC folds
  163. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.cqolympic.org/.  Official Site
  164. ↑ "Yanghe Stadium profile". Footballgroundmap.com. 13 September 2013. http://www.footballgroundmap.com/ground/yanghe-stadium/chongqing-lifan. 
  165. ↑ "Datianwan Stadium profile". Worldstadiums.com. http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/china/chongqing_datianwan.shtml. 
  166. ↑ Bacchi, Umberto (3 December 2020). "'I know your favourite drink': Chinese smart city to put AI in charge". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-tech-city/i-know-your-favourite-drink-chinese-smart-city-to-put-ai-in-charge-idUSL8N2IJ24L. 
  167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 167.2 167.3 167.4 167.5 167.6 167.7 (in zh-hans). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 8 May 2007. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/bszn/lsfw/t246715.htm. 
  168. ↑ 168.0 168.1 (in zh-hans). 8 May 2013. http://news.hexun.com/2013-05-08/153873931.html. 
  169. ↑ "Consulate General of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay in Chongqing". https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fw_673051/lbfw_673061/lsgmd_673079/t1752813.shtml. 
  170. ↑ "Chongqing, China - Office of Intergovernmental Relations". https://www.seattle.gov/oir/sister-cities/seattles-sister-cities/chongqing. 
  171. ↑ "Brisbane's Sister City - Chongqing". Brisbane City Council. https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities/sister-city-chongqing. 

General sources

  • Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Chongqing". The Three Gorges and the Upper Yangzi. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions. pp. 325–362. ISBN 978-981-232-599-0. 
  • Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Revisiting Chongqing: China's Second World War Temporary National Capital". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 45. 
  • Huang, Jiren (1999) (in zh). 老城市 [The Old Cities]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House. 
  • Kapp, Robert A. (1974). "Chungking as a Center of Warlord Power, 1926–1937". The Chinese City Between Two Worlds. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 143–170. https://archive.org/details/chinesecitybetwe00chin. 
  • Kapp, Robert A. (1973). Szechwan and the Chinese Republic: Provincial Militarism and Central Power, 1911–1938. New Haven: Yale University Press. 
  • Liao, Qingyu (2005). Chongqing Ge Le Shan Pei Du Yizhi. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press. 
  • Long, Juncai (2005). Sui Yue Ya Feng de Jiyi: Chongqing Kang Zhan Yizhi (Covered Memory of Flowing Years: Site[s] of [the] Anti-Japanese War in Chongqing). Chongqing: Southwest University Press. 
  • McIsaac, Lee (2000). "The City as Nation: Creating a Wartime Capital in Chongqing". in Esherick, Joseph W.. Remaking the Chinese City, 1900–1950. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 
  • Xu; Dongsheng Liu; Yuchuan (1998). Chongqing Jiu Ying. Beijing: People's Fine Arts Publishing House. 

External links

Preceded by
Guangzhou 		Wartime Capital of China
Republic of China
21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946 		Succeeded by
Nanjing
Preceded by
Guangzhou 		Wartime Capital of China
Republic of China
14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949 		Succeeded by
Chengdu




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