Biology:Heermann's gull
| Heermann's gull | |
|---|---|
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| Adult breeding | |
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| Adult non-breeding | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Laridae |
| Genus: | Larus |
| Species: | L. heermanni
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| Binomial name | |
| Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852
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| Range of L. heermanni | |
Heermann's gull (Larus heermanni) is a gull resident in the United States , Mexico and extreme southwestern British Columbia, nearly all nesting on Isla Rasa in the Gulf of California. They are usually found near shores or well out to sea, very rarely inland. The species is named after Adolphus Lewis Heermann, nineteenth-century explorer and naturalist.[2]
Description
This species looks distinctly different from other gulls. Adults have a medium gray body, blackish-gray wings and tail with white edges, and a red bill with a black tip. The head is dusky gray in non-breeding plumage and white in breeding plumage. Immatures resemble non-breeding adults but are darker and browner, and the bill is pink till the second winter. A few birds, no more than 1 in 200, have white primary coverts, which form a showy spot on the upper wing. This gull is unlikely to be confused with other species as it is the only white-headed, gray-bodied gull found on the west coast of North America.[3]
Calls are described as deep and similar in pattern to other gulls but is noticeably different in quality.
Distribution
Of the current population of about 150,000 pairs, 90% nest on the island of Isla Rasa off Baja California in the Gulf of California, with smaller colonies as far north as California and as far south as Nayarit. After breeding, birds commonly disperse to central California, and less commonly north as far as British Columbia and south as far as Guatemala.[1] Some birds exhibit strong site fidelity to their nonbreeding territories, including a one-legged gull who resided for 17 years at the Loch Lomond Marina in San Rafael, California.[4]
The only known active breeding colony of Heermann's gull in the continental United States is located in Seaside, California, when a small number of gulls were observed nesting on artificial fill islands on Roberts Lake as of 1999.[5][6] After the islands eroded away by 2007, the colony continued to nest on nearby rooftops. In June 2018, one of the colony's main nesting sites, the Seaside McDonald's, was destroyed by a drunk driving crash.[6][7][8] In April 2019, after obtaining a permit from the City of Seaside, the Monterey Audubon Society deployed a floating artificial nesting island in Roberts Lake in an effort to restore nesting territory to the colony.[6][8][9][10]
Diet
Heermann's gull eats small fish, marine invertebrates, lizards, insects, refuse, and carrion.
Behavior
This species nests colonially on the ground, like many gulls. The nests are often at densities as high as 110 nests per 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft). It lays two or three eggs, grayish buff, to buff with gray and brown markings.
Heermann's gull sometimes steals prey from other seabirds, particularly brown pelicans, with which it often associates.
Status
Isla Rasa was declared a sanctuary in 1964. Egg-collecting and disturbance during the breeding season are discouraged. With the breeding colony concentrated on one small island this species is vulnerable to a catastrophic weather event. The success of the colony in any one year is dependent on the availability of prey and this is related to the ocean temperature changes brought about by El Niño. These factors have caused the IUCN to rate this bird as "Near Threatened".[1]
Gallery
Adult Heermann's gull with sand crab on Del Monte Beach, Monterey, CA
Heermann's gull fledgling from the Seaside colony foraging on Del Monte Beach, Monterey, CA
Adult Heermann's gull at the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Fledgling Heermann's gull from the Seaside colony
Adult Heermanns' gull from the Seaside colony searching for its nest atop the burned-out McDonald's
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Larus heermanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22694296A178958787. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694296A178958787.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694296/178958787. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑ Islam, Kamal (2002). Poole, A.. ed. "Heermann's Gull (Larus heermanni)". The Birds of North America Online (Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology). doi:10.2173/bna.643. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/643.
- ↑ "Heermann's Gull". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Heermanns_Gull/id.
- ↑ George, Jerry (2005-12-03). "Salute to a fine feathered friend / Beloved Ahab, the one-legged gull, returned to San Rafael marina year after year". https://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/article/Salute-to-a-fine-feathered-friend-Beloved-Ahab-2558666.php.
- ↑ "Recent MTY rarities". http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/MTY_rare.html.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Audubon Society seeks to place bird habitat raft on Roberts Lake in Seaside" (in en-US). 2018-11-01. http://www.montereyherald.com/audubon-society-seeks-to-place-bird-habitat-raft-on-roberts-lake-in-seaside.
- ↑ Coury, Nic (5 June 2018). "UPDATED: Four injured after car crash ignites fire at McDonald's in Seaside." (in en). http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/blogs/news_blog/updated-four-injured-after-car-crash-ignites-fire-at-mcdonald/article_ca88b874-68d2-11e8-a1dc-cf5c068a62ac.html.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "HEERMANN'S GULLS" (in en-US). https://www.montereyaudubon.org/heermannsgulls/.
- ↑ "In Seaside a nesting island has been launched onto Roberts Lake, for the near threatened Heermann's gulls.". 14 April 2019. https://www.ksbw.com/article/in-seaside-a-nesting-island-has-been-launched-onto-roberts-lake-for-the-near-threatened-heermann-s-gulls/27138426.
- ↑ "Nesting island to launch Saturday on Roberts Lake in Seaside – Monterey Herald". 9 April 2019. https://www.montereyherald.com/2019/04/09/nesting-island-to-launch-saturday-on-roberts-lake-in-seaside/.
- Howell, Steve N.G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4. https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofme0000howe.
- Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 227. ISBN 0-679-45122-6. https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/227.
External links
- Images and movies of Heermann's gull (Larus heermanni) at ARKive
- BirdLife species factsheet for Larus heermanni
- "Heermann's gull media". Internet Bird Collection. http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/heermanns-gull-larus-heermanni.
- Heermann's gull photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Wikidata ☰ Q795982 entry
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