Biology:Helochares

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Helochares is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, represented by 161 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, Nearctic, and Palearctic realms.[1]

Description

As currently defined, Helochares contains small to medium-sized beetles (2–7 mm), which are yellowish to brown in coloration. There is a lot of variation in the impression of the elytral punctation, and the aedeagal forms are also highly variable (see Figure 37 in Girón and Short 2021).[1] A detailed diagnosis can be found in Girón and Short 2021.[1] Females carry their eggs in a cocoon anchored to the hind femora and held under the abdomen as in several other Hydrophilidae.[2]

Taxonomy

Helochares is one of the largest and most taxonomically problematic genera within the Acidocerinae. It was originally described by Étienne Mulsant in 1844. [3]

For a long time Helochares contained five subgenera: Batochares (currently recognized as a separate genus [4]), Helochares, Helocharimorphus (now synonymized under Helochares [1]), Hydrobaticus (now synonymized under Helochares [1]), and Sindolus (currently recognized as a separate genus [4]).

Several taxa that used to be recognized as typical Helochares are now assigned to newly created genera (e.g., Colossochares, Novochares) or re-assigned to exinsting genera (i.e., Peltochares), based on a phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data. [4]

Species

  1. Helochares aeacus Balfour-Browne, 1952 [5]
  2. Helochares aethiopicus d'Orchymont, 1939 [6]
  3. Helochares alberti d'Orchymont, 1943 [7]
  4. Helochares alcimus d'Orchymont, 1943 [8]
  5. Helochares alcinous Balfour-Browne, 1948 [9]
  6. Helochares altus d'Orchymont, 1943 [10]
  7. Helochares anchoralis Sharp, 1890 [11]
  8. Helochares ancoroides Hebauer, 2001 [12]
  9. Helochares anchoralis expansus Knisch, 1921
  10. Helochares andreinii d'Orchymont, 1939 [13]
  11. Helochares androgynus Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  12. Helochares anthonyae Watts, 1995 [15]
  13. Helochares balfourbrownei Hansen, 1999 [16]
  14. Helochares basilewskyi Balfour-Browne, 1957 [17]
  15. Helochares bilardoi Hebauer, 2009 [18]
  16. Helochares blaesus d'Orchymont, 1936
  17. Helochares bohemani d'Orchymont, 1936
  18. Helochares camerunensis d'Orchymont, 1939
  19. Helochares cancellatus Hebauer, 1998 [19]
  20. Helochares championi Sharp, 1882 [20]
  21. Helochares chappuisi Balfour-Browne, 1952 [21]
  22. Helochares clypeatus (Blackburn, 1891)
  23. Helochares collarti d'Orchymont, 1939
  24. Helochares compactus Hebauer, 2001 [12]
  25. Helochares conformis Hebauer, 1995 [22]
  26. Helochares congoensis d'Orchymont, 1939
  27. Helochares congruens d'Orchymont, 1939
  28. Helochares conjectus d'Orchymont, 1939
  29. Helochares crenatostriatus Régimbart, 1903
  30. Helochares crenatuloides d'Orchymont, 1943
  31. Helochares crenatus Régimbart, 1903
  32. Helochares crepitus Balfour-Browne, 1950 [23]
  33. Helochares cresphontes d'Orchymont, 1939
  34. Helochares crespulus d'Orchymont, 1939
  35. Helochares crispus d'Orchymont, 1939
  36. Helochares dalhuntyi Watts, 1995 [15]
  37. Helochares densepunctus Régimbart, 1907
  38. Helochares densus Sharp, 1890 [11]
  39. Helochares dentalus d'Orchymont, 1943
  40. Helochares denudatus d'Orchymont, 1943
  41. Helochares depactus d'Orchymont, 1939
  42. Helochares diductus d'Orchymont, 1939
  43. Helochares didymoides Balfour-Browne, 1947
  44. Helochares didymus d'Orchymont, 1939
  45. Helochares difficilis d'Orchymont, 1939
  46. Helochares dilutus (Erichson, 1843)
  47. Helochares dilutus consputus Boheman, 1851 [24]
  48. Helochares dimorphus d'Orchymont, 1939
  49. Helochares distinctus Jia & Tang, 2021 [25]
  50. Helochares dollmani Balfour-Browne, 1950
  51. Helochares dolus d'Orchymont, 1939
  52. Helochares egregius Balfour-Browne, 1952
  53. Helochares endroedyi Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  54. Helochares fratris Hebauer, 2003 [26]
  55. Helochares fulgurans Hebauer, 1995 [27]
  56. Helochares fuliginosus d'Orchymont, 1932 [28]
  57. Helochares goticus Hebauer, 1996
  58. Helochares guoi Yang & Jia, 2021 [25]
  59. Helochares hainanensis Dong and Bian, 2021 [29]
  60. Helochares hiekei Hebauer, 1995 [27]
  61. Helochares insolitus d'Orchymont, 1925
  62. Helochares interjectus Hebauer, 1998 [19]
  63. Helochares iteratus Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  64. Helochares itylus Balfour-Browne, 1952
  65. Helochares ivani Hebauer, 1996
  66. Helochares kerstinneumanni Hebauer, 2009 [18]
  67. Helochares knischi d'Orchymont, 1939
  68. Helochares laevis Short and Girón, 2018 [30]
  69. Helochares lamprus d'Orchymont, 1940
  70. Helochares lentus Sharp, 1890 [11]
  71. Helochares lepidus d'Orchymont, 1943
  72. Helochares leptinus d'Orchymont, 1943
  73. Helochares letus d'Orchymont, 1943
  74. Helochares livianus d'Orchymont, 1939
  75. Helochares lividoides Hansen and Hebauer, 1988 [31]
  76. Helochares lividus (Forster, 1771)
  77. Helochares lobatus d'Orchymont, 1948
  78. Helochares lollius d'Orchymont, 1939
  79. Helochares loticus Hebauer, 1998 [19]
  80. Helochares loweryae Watts, 1995 [15]
  81. Helochares luridus (MacLeay, 1871)
  82. Helochares lutulentus Balfour-Browne, 1952
  83. Helochares maculatus Hebauer, 1988 [32]
  84. Helochares maculicollis Mulsant, 1844 [3]
  85. Helochares madli Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  86. Helochares marreensis Watts, 1995 [15]
  87. Helochares mecarus d'Orchymont, 1939
  88. Helochares mediastinus d'Orchymont, 1939
  89. Helochares melanophthalmus (Mulsant, 1844) [3]
  90. Helochares mendosus Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  91. Helochares mentinotus Kuwert, 1888
  92. Helochares menulus d'Orchymont, 1943
  93. Helochares meracus Balfour-Browne, 1950
  94. Helochares mersus d'Orchymont, 1939
  95. Helochares minax d'Orchymont, 1939
  96. Helochares minor d'Orchymont, 1925
  97. Helochares minusculus d'Orchymont, 1943
  98. Helochares namcatensis Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  99. Helochares nebridius d'Orchymont, 1940
  100. Helochares negatus Hebauer, 1995
  101. Helochares neglectus (Hope, 1845)
  102. Helochares nexus Short and Girón, 2018 [30]
  103. Helochares nigrifrons Brancsik, 1893
  104. Helochares nigripalpis Hebauer and Hendrich, 1999 [34]
  105. Helochares nigritulus Kuwert, 1889
  106. Helochares nigroseriatus Hebauer, 1998 [19]
  107. Helochares niobelus d'Orchymont, 1939
  108. Helochares nipponicus Hebauer, 1995 [27]
  109. Helochares normatus (LeConte, 1861)
  110. Helochares notaticollis Régimbart, 1906
  111. Helochares notaticollis curtus Régimbart, 1906
  112. Helochares obliquus Mart, İncekara and Karaca, 2010 [35]
  113. Helochares obscurus (Müller, 1776)
  114. Helochares opacus Hebauer, 2009 [18]
  115. Helochares pallens (MacLeay, 1825)
  116. Helochares parallelus Hebauer, 1999 [36]
  117. Helochares percyi Watts, 1995 [15]
  118. Helochares perminutus Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  119. Helochares phallicus d'Orchymont, 1936
  120. Helochares politus Short and Girón, 2018 [30]
  121. Helochares punctatus Sharp, 1869 [37]
  122. Helochares rugipennis Balfour-Browne, 1958
  123. Helochares salvazai d'Orchymont, 1919
  124. Helochares sauteri d'Orchymont, 1943
  125. Helochares schoedli Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  126. Helochares schwendingeri Hebauer, 1995 [27]
  127. Helochares scitulus Balfour-Browne, 1952
  128. Helochares sechellensis Régimbart, 1903
  129. Helochares serpentinus Hebauer, 1998 [19]
  130. Helochares sharpi (Kuwert, 1890) [38]
  131. Helochares silvester Hebauer, 2009 [18]
  132. Helochares simulator Knisch, 1922
  133. Helochares skalei Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  134. Helochares songi Jia and Tang, 2018
  135. Helochares steffani Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  136. Helochares stenius d'Orchymont, 1943
  137. Helochares striatus (Boheman, 1851) [24]
  138. Helochares strictus d'Orchymont, 1939
  139. Helochares strigellus Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  140. Helochares structus d'Orchymont, 1936
  141. Helochares sublineatus Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  142. Helochares subseriatus Hebauer, 2009 [18]
  143. Helochares subtilis d'Orchymont, 1936
  144. Helochares sufflavus Balfour-Browne, 1952
  145. Helochares sylvaticus Balfour-Browne, 1957
  146. Helochares tamsi Balfour-Browne, 1947
  147. Helochares tatei (Blackburn, 1896)
  148. Helochares tengchongensis Dong and Bian, 2021 [29]
  149. Helochares tenuistriatus Régimbart, 1908
  150. Helochares tertius Hebauer, 1996 [14]
  151. Helochares thurmerae Watts, 1995 [15]
  152. Helochares tristis (MacLeay, 1871)
  153. Helochares trujillo Short and Girón, 2018 [30]
  154. Helochares uenoi Matsui, 1995 [39]
  155. Helochares uhligi Hebauer, 1999 [36]
  156. Helochares vitalisi d'Orchymont, 1919
  157. Helochares wagneri Hebauer, 2002 [33]
  158. Helochares wattsi Hebauer and Hendrich, 1999 [34]
  159. Helochares wuzhifengensis Dong and Bian, 2021 [29]
  160. Helochares yangae Hebauer, Hendrich, and Balke, 1999 [40]
  161. Helochares zamora Short and Girón, 2018 [30]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Girón, Jennifer C.; Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2021-06-18). "The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species". ZooKeys (1045): 1–236. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 34228772. PMC 8233300. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/63810/. 
  2. ↑ Nishijima, Yu; Hironaka, Mantaro (2023). "Egg Cocoon-Carrying Behavior in Female Water Scavenger Beetle, Helochares nipponicus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), Functions to Increase Offspring Fitness and Survivability" (in en). Journal of Insect Behavior 36 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1007/s10905-023-09828-5. ISSN 0892-7553. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10905-023-09828-5. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mulsant, E. (1844). Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France: Palpicornes. 5. Maison. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9628710. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Short, Andrew Edward Z.; Girón, Jennifer C.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (2021). "Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America" (in en). Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380–395. doi:10.1111/syen.12467. ISSN 1365-3113. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/syen.12467. 
  5. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1952). "Contribution à l'étude du peuplement de la Mauritanie. Coléoptères Hydrophilides". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 14 (2): 513–517. 
  6. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1939). "L'Helochares minutissimus Kuwert, vrai". Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 79: 196–198. 
  7. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Nouvelles notes sur les Helochares (Hydrobaticus) (Coleoptera Palpi-cornia Hydrophilidae)". Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 19 (20): 1–12. 
  8. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Nouvelles notes sur les Helochares (Hydrobaticus). (Coleoptera Palpicornia Hydrophilidae)". Bulletin du Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 19 (20): 1–12. 
  9. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1947-12-01). "LXXV.—New East African Palpicornia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (120): 817–833. doi:10.1080/00222934708654695. ISSN 0374-5481. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934708654695. 
  10. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Palpicornia (Coleoptera) VI". Bulletin du Musée royal d'histoire na-turelle de Belgique 19 (60): 1–12. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Sharp, David (1890). "IX. On some aquatic Coleoptera from Ceylon." (in en). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 38 (2): 339–359. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1890.tb03026.x. ISSN 1365-2311. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1890.tb03026.x. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hebauer, F. (2001). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hydrophilidae von Neuguinea. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungsreisen von M. Balke und L. Hendrich nach West Neuguinea (Irian Jaya) in den Jahren 1990–1998 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 17 (1): 3–72. 
  13. ↑ d’Orchymont, A. (1939). "Helochares (Hydrobaticus) Andreinii n. sp. H. melanophthalmus Régimbart, 1905 (nec Mulsant, non Reiche)". Redia 25: 319–323. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Hebauer, F. (1996). "Synopsis der afrikanischen Arten der Gattung Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 12: 3–38. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Watts, C.H.S. (1995). "Revision of the Australasian genera Agraphydrus Rogimbart, Chasmogenus Sharp and Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Records of the South Australian Museum 28 (1): 113–130. 
  16. ↑ Hansen, M. (1999). World catalogue of insects (Volume 2). Hydrophiloidea (s. str.) (Coleoptera). Stenstrup: Apollo Books. pp. 414 pp. 
  17. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J (1957). "Contributions à l'étude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urun-di (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CXVIII. Coleoptera Hydrophilidae". Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Zool 58: 14–25. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Hebauer, F. (2009). "Five new species of the genus Helochares MacLeay, 1871 from Gabon and the Congo (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 25: 3–8. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Hebauer, F. (1998). "Six new species of the genus Helochares Mulsant, 1844, subgenus Hydrobaticus Mac Leay, 1871 from Africa and Asia (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 14: 41–46. 
  20. ↑ Sharp, D. (1882). Fam. Hydrophilidae. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume 1. Part 2. 1. pp. 53–80. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/577106. 
  21. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1952). "Mission A. Villiers au Togo et au Dahomey (1950). VII. Coléoptères Hydrophilides". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 14: 126–139. 
  22. ↑ Hebauer, Franz (1995). "Die Hydrophilidae und Spercheidae Namibias Unter Berücksichtigung des Materials der Namibia-Expedition des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin 1992, ergänzt durch Nachweise aus früheren Namibia- und Kalahari-Expeditionen (Coleoptera, Hydrophiloidea : Hydrophilidae et Spercheidae)" (in de). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie (Berlin) 71 (2): 251–275. doi:10.1002/mmnz.19950710206. ISSN 1860-0743. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mmnz.19950710206. 
  23. ↑ Balfour-Browne, J. (1950). "On the aquatic Coleoptera of Northern Rhodesia (Dytiscidae, Gyr-inidae and Palpicornia)". Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 2 (16): 359–399. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Boheman, C. H. (1851). Insecta Caffrariæ annis 1838–1845 a J. A. Wahlberg col-lecta (Vol. 1). Coleoptera. Holmiæ: Fritze & Norstedt. pp. 625 pp. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9907494. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Yang, Zhenming; Jia, Fenglong; Tang, Yudan; Jiang, Lu (2021-12-16). "Two new species of Helochares, with additional faunistic records from China (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)" (in en). ZooKeys (1078): 57–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1078.73458. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 35068953. PMC 8702532. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/73458/. 
  26. ↑ Hebauer, F. (2003). "Checklist of the Malagasy Helochares with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 19 (1): 67–69. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Hebauer, F. (1995). "Neues zu den Acidocerina Hansen (Helocharae d'Orchymont) der indomalaiischen Region (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 11 (3): 3–14. 
  28. ↑ Hendrich, Lars; Yang, C.M. (1999). "A contribution to the knowledge of the water beetle fauna of Palau Tioman, peninsular Malaysia (Coleoptera: Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae, Scirtidae, Limnichidae)". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 6: 253–262. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725022241/https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/Raffles%20Bulletin%20of%20Zoology/Supplements/Supplement%206/s6rbz253-262.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Dong, Xue; Bian, Dongju (2021-03-29). "Three new species and two new records of Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay, 1871 from China (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)". Zootaxa 4950 (1): 166–180. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33903325. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4950.1.9. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Short, A. E. Z.; Girón, J. C. (2018-04-09). "Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)". Zootaxa 4407 (1): 29–50. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29690204. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2. 
  31. ↑ Hansen, Michael; Hebauer, Franz (1988-01-01). "A new species of Helochares from Israel, with a key to the European and some Near East species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)" (in en). Insect Systematics & Evolution 19 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1163/187631289X00023. ISSN 1876-312X. https://brill.com/view/journals/ise/19/1/article-p27_2.xml. 
  32. ↑ Hebauer, F. (1988). "Hydrophiloidea aus Namibia (Coleoptera; Hydrophilidae, Spercheidae)". Bonner zoologische Beiträge 39: 153–161. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 Hebauer, F. (2002). "New Hydrophilidae of the Old World (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)". Acta Coleopterologica 18 (3): 3–24. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Hebauer, Franz; Hendrich, Lars (1999). "Two new species of Helochares from Northern Australia (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Entomological Problems 30 (1): 47–51. 
  35. ↑ Mart, Abdullah; Incekara, Umit; Karaca, Hanifi (2010). "A new species and records of Hydrophiliae (Coleoptera) from Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 34: 297–303. doi:10.3906/zoo-0905-29. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725014442/http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-10-34-3/zoo-34-3-3-0905-29.pdf. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Hebauer, F. (1999). "Neue und wenig bekannte Hydrophiloidea aus dem südlichen Afrika (Co-leoptera: Hydrophiloidea)". Acta Coleopterologica 15 (2): 7–16. 
  37. ↑ Sharp, D. (1869). "Description of a new species of Philhydrus". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 5: 240–241. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43229950. 
  38. ↑ Kuwert, A. (1890). "Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. XIX. Heft. Hydroph-ilidae. I. Abteilung: Hydrophilini". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn 28 [1889]: 1–121. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43763386. 
  39. ↑ Matsui, E. (1995). "A new species of the genus Helochares (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) from Japan, with a key to the Japanese species of the subgenus Hydrobaticus". Special Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Coleopterology 4: 317–322. 
  40. ↑ Hebauer, Franz; Hendrich, Lars; Balke, Michael (1999). "A contribution to the knowledge of the water beetle fauna (Col. Hydradephaga, Hydrophiloidea and Staphylinoidea) of a tropical freshwater lake: Tasek Cini, Pahang, West Malaysia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47 (2): 333–348. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150725021302/http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/Raffles%20Bulletin%20of%20Zoology/Past%20Volumes/RBZ%2047(2)/47rbz333-348.pdf. 

Wikidata ☰ Q14931170 entry



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