Biology:Helvella acetabulum

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Short description: Species of fungus

Helvella acetabulum
Helvella acetabulum 47980.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Helvellaceae
Genus: Helvella
Species:
H. acetabulum
Binomial name
Helvella acetabulum
(L.) Quél. (1874)
Synonyms[1]

Peziza acetabulum L. (1753)
Octospora acetabulum (L.) Timm (1788)
Peziza sulcata Pers. (1801)
Macroscyphus acetabuliforme Gray (1821)
Acetabula sulcata (Pers.) Fuckel (1870)
Acetabula vulgaris Fuckel (1870)
Paxina acetabulum (L.) Kuntze (1891)
Paxina sulcata (Pers.) Kuntze (1891)

Helvella acetabulum
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
smooth hymenium
cap is infundibuliform
hymenium attachment is not applicable
stipe is bare
ecology is mycorrhizal

Helvella acetabulum is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, order Pezizales. This relatively large cup-shaped fungus is characterized by a tan fruit body with prominent branching ribs resembling a cabbage leaf; for this reason it is commonly known as the cabbage leaf Helvella. Other colloquial names include the vinegar cup and the brown ribbed elfin cup. The fruit bodies reaches dimensions of 8 cm (3.1 in) by 4 cm (1.6 in) tall. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows in sandy soils, under both coniferous and deciduous trees.

Taxonomy

The fungus was first named as Peziza acetabulum by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum.[2] It was given its current name by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1874 after having been placed in various Peziza segregates: Joachim Christian Timm placed it in Octospora (1788), Samuel Frederick Gray in Macroscyphus (1821), and Leopold Fuckel in Acetabula (1870). The trend continued, with Claude Casimir Gillet with placing it in Aleuria in 1879, and Otto Kuntze in his new Paxina (of which it would later be designated type species) in 1891.[1]

Described independently as Peziza sulcata by Persoon in 1801, it was placed under that name in both Paxina and Acetabula—alongside its precursor as both taxa were still considered separate at the time.[1] Finally, Frederic Clements renamed Acetabula as Phleboscyphus in 1903 and improperly reused Fuckel's name as the basionym of his Phleboscyphus vulgaris.[3]

The specific epithet acetabulum means "little vinegar cup", and was the Latin word for a small vessel used for storing vinegar (see acetabulum). Common names include the "cabbage leaf Helvella",[4] the "vinegar cup",[5] the "ribbed-stalk cup",[6] and the "brown ribbed elfin cup".[7]

Description

Prominent ribs on the outer surface are characteristic

Helvella acetabulum has a deeply cup-shaped fruit body (technically an apothecium) that is up to 8 centimetres (3 inches) in diameter, and 4 cm (1.6 in) deep. The inner spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is brown, and may be smooth or slightly wavy; the exterior surface is cream-colored, and is covered with minute "hairs". The ribs start from the cream-colored stem and extend almost to the edge of the fruit body.[8] The stem is typically 1 to 6 cm (0.4 to 2.4 in) tall by 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1.2 in) thick.[5] The odor and taste of this mushroom are not distinctive.[9]

The spores are smooth, elliptical, translucent (hyaline), and contain a single central oil droplet; they have dimensions of 18–20 by 12–14 µm. The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 350–400 by 15–20 µm, are operculate—meaning they have an apical "lid" that releases the spores. The tips of the asci are inamyloid, so they do not adsorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent.[9] The paraphyses are club-shaped, and have a pale brown color, with tips that are up to 10 µm thick.[4]

Similar species

Helvella queletii has a roughly similar form and appearance, but the ribbing in that species does not extend up the margin as does H. acetabulum.[4] H. griseoalba has ribs that extend halfway up the sides of the fruit body, but the color of the cup is pale to dark gray rather than cream.[6] The fruit bodies also resemble those of H. costifera, but the latter species is distinguished by its grayish to grayish-brown hymenium; like H. acetabulum, it has ribs that extend to most of the outside of the fruit body. There are sometimes intermediate forms between the two species, making them difficult to distinguish.[10] H. robusta is also similar to H. acetabulum, but has a lighter-colored hymenium, a robust stem, and the margin of the fruit body is often bent over the stem at maturity. In contrast, H. acetabulum never has the edge of the fruit body bent over the stem, and the stem is "indistinct or prominent, but never robust".[11] Another similar species is H. leucomelaena.[12]

Distribution and habitat

This fungus is widespread in North America and Europe.[8] In North America, the distribution extends north to Alberta, Canada.[11] In Mexico, it has been collected from State of Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, and Tlaxcala.[13] It is also found in Israel,[14] Jordan,[15] Turkey,[16] Iran [17] China (Xinjiang)[18] and Japan.[19]

The fruit bodies grows solitary, scattered, or clustered together on soil in both coniferous and deciduous woods, typically in spring and summer.[5] A preference for growing in association with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) has been noted for Californian populations.[20]

Potential toxicity

Although the edibility of the fruit bodies is often listed as "unknown",[20][21] consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the family Helvellaceae contain varying levels of monomethylhydrazine (MMH).[22] Although MMH can be removed by boiling in a well-ventilated area, consumption of any MMH-producing mushroom is not advisable (as with G. esculenta). Roger Phillips lists the species as poisonous.[23]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quél.". Species Fungorum. CAB International. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=118662. 
  2. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1753) (in Latin). Species Plantarum. 2 (1 ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1181. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359202. 
  3. ↑ Clements, Frederic E. (1903). "Nova Ascomycetum Genera Speciesque" (in Latin). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30 (2): 83–94. doi:10.2307/2478878. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/246255. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tylutki EE. (1979). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, ID: University Press of Idaho. p. 74. ISBN 0-89301-062-6. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1987. pp. 43–4. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA43. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2007. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=IB1Gv3jZMmAC&pg=PA300. 
  7. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 807. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/807. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1979. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0-520-03656-5. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 52. ISBN 0-7112-2379-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhwByKCyEwC&pg=PA52. 
  10. ↑ "Notes on the genus Helvella in Spain". Mycotaxon 39: 203–17. 1990. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0039/0203.htm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The genus Helvella in Alberta". Mycotaxon 33: 229–50. 1988. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0033/0229.htm. 
  12. ↑ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861. 
  13. ↑ "Contribución al conocimineto del género Helvella (Ascomycota: Pezizales) en México: descriptión de especies poco conocidas" (in Spanish). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 77 (2): 143–51. 2006. 
  14. ↑ "Species diversity of the genera Morchella St. Amans and Helvella L. ex St. Amans (Ascomycota, Pezizales) in Israeli mycobiota". Nova Hedwigia 87 (3–4): 315–36. 2008. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0087-0315. 
  15. ↑ Natour RM. (2006). Mushrooms of Jordan. Higher Council of Science and Technology. p. 20. 
  16. ↑ "Macrofungi of Karci Mountain (Denizli, Turkey)". Turkish Journal of Botany 32 (1): 91–6. 2008. ISSN 1300-008X. 
  17. ↑ "Helvella acetabulum, a new record from Iran". Rostaniha 11 (2): 199–200. 2010. 
  18. ↑ Zhuang WY. (2004). "Preliminary survey of the Helvellaceae from Xinjiang, China". Mycotaxon 90 (1): 35–42. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0090/001/0035.htm. 
  19. ↑ Nagao H. (2002). "Fungal flora in Chiba Pref., central Japan (III) Ascomycetes: Plectomycetes and Discomycetes" (in Japanese). Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute Chiba 5: 111–32. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Helvella acetabulum". California Fungi. MycoWeb. http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Helvella_acetabulum.html. 
  21. ↑ Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1992. p. 325. ISBN 0-292-75126-5. 
  22. ↑ Poisonous Plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1986. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-05569-1. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0-op0XwlDmQC. 
  23. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 367. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. 

Wikidata ☰ Q3388167 entry



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