Biology:Hesperia dacotae
| Dakota skipper | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | Hesperia |
| Species: | H. dacotae
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| Binomial name | |
| Hesperia dacotae | |
Hesperia dacotae, the Dakota skipper, is a small to medium-sized North American butterfly. It has a wingspan of approximately one inch and the antennae form a hook. The male's wings are a tawny-orange to brown on the forewings with a prominent mark and dusty yellow on the lower part of the wing. The female wing is a darker brown orange and white spots on the forewing margin.
Reproduction
The adult Dakota skippers are active for only three weeks in June and July[3]. Their eggs, which are laid on the underside of leaves, are hatched in July and the caterpillar larvae feed on native grass until they go dormant in late summer. The caterpillar larvae then winter in shelters very close to the ground. In spring they come out of dormancy in their adult form. They are found in healthy natural tall grass and prairie grass from Minnesota to Saskatchewan. They are now considered extirpated from Illinois and Iowa. The largest most stable population is now found in North Dakota.
Nectar plants
Important nectar plants depend on habitat[3]. Commonly used nectar plants include black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) and purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia). Other reported nectar plants include white prairie clover (Dalea candida), blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata), prairie milkvetch (Astragalus laxmannii), and hoary vervain (Verbena stricta). While native forbs are the primary nectar source, the Dakota skipper has been observed nectaring occasionally from non-native white sweetclover (Melilotus alba).
Host plants
Larvae can feed on several native grass species[3]. They often feed on little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Non-native smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) are unsuitable host plants and can displace native grasses.
Conservation
The Dakota skipper has experienced declining populations from destruction and modification of native prairie for grazing, herbicide use and building. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service placed the Dakota skipper on the Candidate list for protections under the Endangered Species Act from 1975 to 2014,[4] and it has been petitioned twice for protection under the Endangered Species Act in 1994 and 2003.[5] The Dakota skipper was awarded Threatened status under the Endangered Species Act in 2014.[6]
The Minnesota Zoo runs a rearing and breeding program to reintroduce Dakota skippers and re-establish populations[7].
References
- ↑ Royer, E. (2019). "Hesperia dacotae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T9968A122963341.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9968/122963341. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ↑ Skinner, H. 1911. New species or subspecies of North American butterflies (Lepid.). Eng. News 22(9):412-413.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2018. Species status assessment report for the Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae). 97 pp.
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009, November 9. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register.
- ↑ Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, Center for Biological Diversity, Center for Native Ecosystems, Native Ecosystems Council, The Xerces Society, and Jeremy Nichols. 2003. Petition for a Rule to list the Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae) as THREATENED or ENDANGERED under the Endangered Species Act 16 USC 1531 et seq. (1973 as amended) and for the designation of Critical Habitat. Page 53.
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014, October 24. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for Dakota Skipper and Endangered Species Status for Poweshiek Skipperling. Federal Register.
- ↑ "Dispatch: Return of the Skipper | January–February 2024 | Minnesota Conservation Volunteer" (in en). https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mcvmagazine/issues/2024/jan-feb/dispatch.html.
External links
- Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae)
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Endangered insects (pdf)
- Species at risk
Wikidata ☰ Q5210046 entry
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