Biology:Heterometrus
| Heterometrus | |
|---|---|
_Asian_Forest_Scorpion_(6246043808).jpg)
| |
| Heterometrus spinifer | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Family: | Scorpionidae |
| Genus: | Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 |
| Type species | |
| Buthus (Heterometrus) spinifer | |
| Diversity | |
| 8 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Heterometrus, whose members are also known by the collective vernacular name giant forest scorpions, is a genus of scorpions belonging to the family Scorpionidae. It is distributed widely across tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia, including Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines , Singapore, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, India (Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands), and China (Hainan).[2][3] It is notable for containing some of the largest living species of scorpions.
Taxonomy
The genus was introduced by C.G. Ehrenberg (in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828), originally as a subgenus of the genus Buthus.[4] It was elevated to genus rank by F. Karsch in 1879.[1] H.W.C. Couzijn (1978, 1981)[5][6] subdivided the genus into several subgenera, but F. Kovařík (2004)[2] synonymized these subgenera with the nominal genus. In 2020 the genus was reviewed by L. Prendini & S. F. Loria, three of the former subgenera were revalidated and elevated to genera and one valid subgenus was elevated to genus rank, species were transferred to appropriate genera, resulting in 28 new combinations.[3]
Diversity
The content of this genus may vary, depending on the authority. Eight species are known, many of which are quite similar in appearance:[7]
- Heterometrus glaucus (Thorell, 1876)
- Heterometrus laevigatus (Thorell, 1876)
- Heterometrus laoticus Couzijn, 1981
- Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst, 1800)
- Heterometrus petersii (Thorell, 1876)
- Heterometrus silenus (Simon, 1884)
- Heterometrus spinifer (Ehrenberg, 1828)
- Heterometrus thorellii (Pocock, 1897)
General characteristics
Members of Heterometrus are generally large-sized scorpions (100–200 mm or about 4-8 in total length). Coloration is dark in most species, often uniformly brown or black, sometimes with a greenish shine, with brighter-colored telson, walking legs, and/or pedipalp pincers in some species. The scorpions are heavily built with especially powerful and globose pedipalp pionkes, broad mesosomal tergites and a proportionally slender and thin metasoma. The telson is proportionally small and the stinger is often shorter than the vesicle. The cephalothorax and mesosoma are largely devoid of carinae and granulation and the median eyes are situated in a small, lenticular depression on the cephalothorax. Some species are parthenogenic.[2][6]
Orthobothriotaxy type C. Pedipalp femur with three trichobothria and pedipalp patella consists with 19 trichobothria. Pedipalp chela with 26 trichobothria. Retrolateral pedal spurs are absent. Stridulatory organ is located on the opposing surfaces of pedipalp coxa and first leg.[8]
Toxicity
As in other genera of the Scorpionidae, the symptoms from Heterometrus envenomations are rather mild and no human fatalities are known.[6] The sting causes local pain, inflammation, oedema, swelling, and redness of the skin, lasting for hours to a few days. Plant extracts known in the traditional Thai medicine as natural scorpion venom antidotes are effective as symptomatic treatment of H. laoticus stings.[9] The protein heteroscorpine-1 was found the major component of the venom in H. laoticus.[10]
Habitat for the scorpion
Species of Heterometrus live in vegetated, often forested, humid regions with subtropical to tropical climates. As most scorpions, they are predominantly nocturnal and hide in burrows, below logs, and in leaf litter.
In captivity
Due to their impressive size, low toxicity, and docile behavior, species of Heterometrus are popular pet scorpions. Unlike many other scorpions, they can be kept in pairs or small groups.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karsch, F. (1879). "Skorpionologische Beiträge I." (in German). Mitteilungen des Münchener Entomologischen Vereins 3: 6–22.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kovařík, F. (2004). "A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828, with descriptions of seven new species (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae)". Euscorpius 15: 1–60. http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2004_15.pdf.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Prendini, Lorenzo; Loria, Stephanie F. (14 October 2020). "Systematic revision of the Asian forest scorpions (Heterometrinae Simon, 1879), revised suprageneric classification of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802, and revalidation of Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 442 (American Museum of Natural History) 442: 1–480. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. OCLC 613326018. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/175336.
- ↑ Hemprich, F.G.; C.G. Ehrenberg (1828). "Zoologica II. Arachnoidea. Plate I: Buthus; plate II: Androctonus." (in Latin). Symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem. Berlin: Officina Academica, Decas Prima. pp. Plates IX–X.
- ↑ Couzijn, H.W.C. (1978). "The method of polythetic analysis applied to a source of taxonomic difficulty: The genus Heterometrus H. & E., 1828 (Scorpionidae)". Symposium Zoological Society London 42: 327–333.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Couzijn, H.W.C. (1981). "Revision of the genus Heterometrus Hemprich & Ehrenberg (Scorpionidae, Arachnoidea)" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen 184: 1–196. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149049.
- ↑ Rein, J.O. (2022). "Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802". The Scorpion Files. Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet. http://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/scorpionidae.php.
- ↑ Charles University; Kovařík, František; Lowe, Graeme; Monell Chemical Senses Center; Ranawana, Kithsiri B.; University of Peradeniya; Hoferek, David; Jayarathne, V. A. Sanjeewa et al. (2016). "Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat. n". Euscorpius 2016 (220): 1–133. doi:10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1. https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2016/iss220/1/. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
- ↑ Uawonggul, N., Chaveerach, A., Thammasirirak, S., Arkaravichien, T., Chuachan, C., & Daduang, S. (2006). "Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.003. PMID 16169172. http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/5/Ts-5%20screening%20of%20plants%20acting%20against%20heterometrus%20laoticus%20scorpion%20venom%20activity%20on%20fibroblast%20cell%20lysis.pdf.
- ↑ Uawonggul, N., Thammasirirak, S., Chaveerach, A., Arkaravichien, T., Bunyatratchata, W., Ruangjirachuporn, W., Jearranaiprepame, P., Nakamura, T., Matsuda, M., Kobayashi, M., Hattori, S., & Daduang, S. (2007). "Purification and characterization of Heteroscorpine-1 (HS-1) toxin from Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom". Toxicon 49 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.003. PMID 17056081.
External links
- Keeping instructions for H. spinifer and H. laoticus. Exotic Pets
- Images and descriptions of various species of Heterometrus. Mes Scorpions
Wikidata ☰ Q138995 entry
 |  |
