Biology:Histone H2A.Z
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Histone H2A.Z is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AZ1 gene.[1][2]
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. The H2AFZ gene encodes a replication-independent member of the histone H2A family that is distinct from other members of the family. Studies in mice have shown that this particular histone is required for embryonic development and indicate that lack of functional histone H2A leads to embryonic lethality.[2]
Histone H2AZ is a variant of histone H2A, and is used to mediate the thermosensory response, and is essential to perceive the ambient temperature. Nucleosome occupancy of H2A.Z decreases with temperature, and in vitro assays show that H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes wrap DNA more tightly than canonical H2A nucleosomes in Arabidopsis.(Cell 140: 136–147, 2010) However, some of the other studies (Nat. Genet. 41, 941–945 and Genes Dev., 21, 1519–1529) have shown that incorporation of H2A.Z in nucleosomes, when it co-occurs with H3.3, makes them weaker. Positioning of H2A.Z containing nucleosomes around transcription start sites has now been shown to affect the downstream gene expression.[3]
Recent evidence also points to a role for H2A.Z in repressing a subset of ncRNAs, derepressing CUTs, as well as mediation higher order chromatin structure formation.[4]
References
- ↑ "The human histone H2A.Z gene. Sequence and regulation". J Biol Chem 265 (25): 15211–8. Oct 1990. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77243-8. PMID 1697587.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: H2AFZ H2A histone family, member Z". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3015.
- ↑ Bargaje R., Alam P., Patowary A., Sarkar M., Ali T., Gupta S., Garg M., Singh M., Purkanti R., Scaria V., Sivasubbu S., Brahmachari V., Pillai B. (2012) Proximity of H2A.Z containing nucleosome to the transcription start site influences gene expression levels in the mammalian liver and brain. Nucleic Acids Research (Epub ahead of print)"Proximity of H2A.Z containing nucleosome to the transcription start site influences gene expression levels in the mammalian liver and brain". Nucleic Acids Research 40 (18): 8965–78. October 2012. doi:10.1093/nar/gks665. PMID 22821566.
- ↑ "Chromatin Dynamics and the RNA Exosome Function in Concert to Regulate Transcriptional Homeostasis". Cell Reports 13 (8): 1610–1622. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.030. PMID 26586442.
Further reading
- "Histone ubiquitination: a tagging tail unfolds?". BioEssays 24 (2): 166–74. 2002. doi:10.1002/bies.10038. PMID 11835281.
- "Sequence of cDNAs for mammalian H2A.Z, an evolutionarily diverged but highly conserved basal histone H2A isoprotein species". Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (3): 1113–24. 1988. doi:10.1093/nar/16.3.1113. PMID 3344202.
- "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene 150 (2): 243–50. 1995. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
- "Characterization of the proximal promoter of the human histone H2A.Z gene". DNA Cell Biol. 14 (3): 257–66. 1995. doi:10.1089/dna.1995.14.257. PMID 7880446. https://zenodo.org/record/1235265.
- "Chromosomal mapping of the human histone gene H2AZ to 4q24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics 20 (2): 333–5. 1994. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1182. PMID 8020992. https://zenodo.org/record/1229630.
- "An upstream region of the H2AZ gene promoter modulates promoter activity in different cell types". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1305 (1–2): 59–62. 1996. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00223-5. PMID 8605251.
- "Transcriptional Activation of the Integrated Chromatin-Associated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (5): 2535–44. 1998. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.5.2535. PMID 9566873.
- "Coronary arteries from human cardiac allografts with chronic rejection contain oligoclonal T cells: persistence of identical clonally expanded TCR transcripts from the early post-transplantation period (endomyocardial biopsies) to chronic rejection (coronary arteries)". J. Immunol. 165 (6): 3469–83. 2000. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3469. PMID 10975868.
- "BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Cancer Res. 60 (20): 5644–8. 2000. PMID 11059755.
- "Acetylation of HIV-1 Tat by CBP/P300 increases transcription of integrated HIV-1 genome and enhances binding to core histones". Virology 277 (2): 278–95. 2001. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0593. PMID 11080476.
- "Crystal structure of a nucleosome core particle containing the variant histone H2A.Z". Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (12): 1121–4. 2001. doi:10.1038/81971. PMID 11101893.
- "B-cell development in progressively transformed germinal centers: similarities and differences compared with classical germinal centers and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin disease". Blood 97 (3): 714–9. 2001. doi:10.1182/blood.V97.3.714. PMID 11157489.
- "Evidence for a novel polymorphism affecting both N-linked glycosylation and ligand binding of the IgG receptor IIIB (CD16)". Tissue Antigens 57 (4): 363–6. 2001. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004363.x. PMID 11380948.
- "Histone variant H2A.Z is required for early mammalian development". Curr. Biol. 11 (15): 1183–7. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00329-3. PMID 11516949.
- "Enhancement of the p300 HAT activity by HIV-1 Tat on chromatin DNA". Virology 289 (2): 312–26. 2001. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1129. PMID 11689053.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "Pericentric heterochromatin becomes enriched with H2A.Z during early mammalian development". EMBO J. 22 (7): 1599–607. 2003. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg160. PMID 12660166.
- "Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by histone acetylation and factor recruitment at the LTR promoter". EMBO J. 22 (24): 6550–61. 2004. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg631. PMID 14657027.
External links
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Histone H2A.Z
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