Biology:Homogeneously staining region

Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) are chromosomal segments with various lengths and uniform staining intensity after G banding. This type of aberration is also known as Copy Number Gains or Amplification. An HSR is one type of change in a chromosome's structure which is frequently observed in the nucleus of human cancer cells. In the region of a chromosome where an HSR occurs, a segment of the chromosome, which presumably contains a gene or genes that give selective advantage to the progression of the cancer, is amplified or duplicated many times. As a result of the duplication this chromosomal segment is greatly lengthened and expanded such that when it is stained with a fluorescent probe specific to the region (Fluorescent in situ hybridization), rather than causing a focal fluorescent signal as in a normal chromosome, the probe "paints" a broad fluorescent signal over the whole of the amplified region. It is because of the appearance of this broadly staining region that this chromosomal abnormality was named a homogeneously staining region. The homogenously staining region was first observed in chromosome 2 by June Biedler and Barbara Spengler in cells that had been made resistant to methotrexate. The HSR was found to due to the amplification of the DHFR gene.

References

• Biedler JL; Spengler BA (1976-01-16). "Metaphase chromosome anomaly: association with drug resistance and cell-specific products". Science 191 (4223): 185–187. doi:10.1126/science.942798. PMID 942798. Bibcode: 1976Sci...191..185B. 
• An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Shaffer, L.G., Tommerup N. (eds); S. Karger, Basel 2005