Biology:Hybotidae

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Hybotidae, the typical dance flies, are a family of true flies. They belong to the superfamily Empidoidea and were formerly included in the Empididae as a subfamily.

Some, such as Tachydromia, are predators that run around on the bark of trees in complex patterns, hence the common name. Tachydromia species are only about three millimeters long.

Description

For terms, see Insect morphology and Insect wing.
Right wing of the species Hybos grossipes, showing discal medial cell (dm) and first and second medial vein (M1+2)
Hybos culiciformis

Hybotidae share some similarities with the family Dolichopodidae, when looking at rotation of genitalia and wing characteristics. Male terminalia are rotated dextrally between 45° and 90°, excluding segment 7. Hybotidae wings always have a simple R4+5 vein, where the costa either ends near or at M1/M1+2, or near or at R4+5/R5. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from Dolichopodidae by a point at the origin of vein Rs, which occurs at a distance from the humeral crossvein (h) equal to or longer than the length of h.[1]

Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae.[2][3]

By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as tribe Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini[4] or Oedaleini,[5] or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily.[2]

Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies,[1] the relationship between Hybotidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Hybotidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Atelestidae
 
 

Atelestinae

 
 

Nemedininae

 
 
 
 
Hybotidae
 

Bicellariinae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hybotinae

 
 

Oedaleinae

 
 
 

Ocydromiinae

 
 
 

Trichininae

 
 
Tachydromiinae
 
 

Tachydromiini

 
 

Symballophthalmini

 
 
 

Drapetini

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Dolichopodidae

 
 
Ragadidae
 

Iteaphilinae

 
 

Ragadinae

 
 
Empididae
 

Clinocerinae

 
 
Brachystomatinae
 

Brachystomatini

 
 

Ceratomerini

 
 

Trichopezini

 
 
Empidinae
 
 

Chelipodini

 
 

Empidini

 
 
 
 

Hemerodromiini

 
 

Hilarini

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Systematic list

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected genera are:[3][6][7][8]

Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae)

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820[9]

Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini)

Ocydromiinae

File:Trichinomyia flavipes - 2014-09-08.webm Trichininae Chvála, 1983 (often included in Ocydromiinae)

Oedaleinae Chvála, 1983

Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini)

Tachydromiinae Meigen, 1822

File:Tachypeza nubila with prey.ogv

  • †Archaeodrapetiops Martins-Neto et al. 1992 Tremembé Formation, Brazil, Chattian
  • †Cretoplatypalpus Kovalev 1978 Taimyr amber, Russia, Santonian, Canadian amber, Campanian
  • †Electrocyrtoma Cockerell 1917 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • †Eoplatypalpus Shamshev, Vasilenko & Perkovsky 2025 Sakhalinian amber, Russia, Eocene[21]
  • †Mesoplatypalpus Grimaldi and Cumming 1999 Canadian amber, Campanian

Stuckenbergomyiinae Sinclair, 2019[22]

  • Stuckenbergomyia Smith, 1971

Incertae sedis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wahlberg, Emma; Johanson, Kjell Arne (2018). "Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera)" (in en). Systematic Entomology 43 (4): 619–636. doi:10.1111/syen.12297. ISSN 1365-3113. Bibcode: 2018SysEn..43..619W. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Moulton, J. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (2007). "The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera).". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (3): 701–713. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029. PMID 17468014. Bibcode: 2007MolPE..43..701M. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)". Zootaxa 1180: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. ISBN 978-1-877407-80-2. http://www.uoguelph.ca/nadsfly/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf. Retrieved 20 December 2011. 
  4. ↑ Jere Kahanpää (July 23, 2008). "Hybotidae". Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera). http://www.elisanet.fi/~d625473/diptera/list/online/node28.html. 
  5. ↑ "Hybotidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=136392. 
  6. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1983). The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 12. pp. 1–279. 
  7. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1975). The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 3. Klampenborg: Scandinavian Science Press. pp. 1–336. ISBN 978-87-87491-04-4. 
  8. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Brooks, Scott E.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2023-09-27). "An illustrated identification key to Nearctic genera of Empidoidea (exclusive of Dolichopodidae sensu stricto) (Diptera)". Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. doi:10.3752/cjai.2023.48. ISSN 1911-2173. https://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/articles/sbc-48/. 
  9. ↑ Meigen, J.W. (1820). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäische n zweiflugeligen Insekten. Aachen: Zweiter Theil. Forstmann. pp. xxxvi + 363. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45915#page/9/mode/1up. Retrieved 8 July 2022. 
  10. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "Morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea". Zootaxa (Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press) 1180: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. http://www.nadsdiptera.org/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2023. 
  11. ↑ Papp, L; Földvári, Mihály (2002). "A new genus and three new species of Hybotidae with new records of the Hungarian Empidoidea (Diptera)". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae 47 (4): 349–361. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236876165. 
  12. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2007-11-02). "Leptopezella, a new Southern Hemisphere genus of Ocydromiinae (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae)". Zootaxa 1629 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.1629.1.2. 
  13. ↑ Miroslav Barták & Štěpán Kubík (2009). "A new species of the genus Trichina (Diptera: Hybotidae) with a key to European species". https://home.czu.cz/storage/trichina.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "Trichinomyia Tuomikoski, 1959". http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/uk-species/species/trichinomyia.html. 
  15. ↑ "Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889". https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000138137. 
  16. ↑ Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2007). "Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore". Zootaxa 1488: 1–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1488.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/238203.pdf. Retrieved 18 July 2017. 
  17. ↑ Grootaert, Patrick; Van De Velde, Isabella; Shamshev, Igor V. (2015). "Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia". European Journal of Taxonomy (112): 1–10. doi:10.5852/ejt.2015.112. ISSN 2118-9773. http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/viewFile/234/419. Retrieved 18 July 2017. 
  18. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Shamshev, Igor V. (2022-02-05). "A New Genus of Tachydromiinae from South Africa and Turkmenistan (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae)" (in en). Insects 13 (2): 171. doi:10.3390/insects13020171. ISSN 2075-4450. PMID 35206744. 
  19. ↑ Loew, H. (1864). "Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus)". Zeitschrift für Entomologie (Breslau) 14 (1860): 1–60. 
  20. ↑ Arias, J. E. (1919). "Description preliminar de un nuevo Empido de Espana". Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 19: 479–481. 
  21. ↑ Shamshev, Igor V.; Vasilenko, Dmitry V.; Perkovsky, Evgeny E. (2025-01-23). "A new genus of hybotid dance fly (Diptera: Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) from the Eocene Sakhalinian amber" (in en). Zootaxa 5575 (2): 283–294. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5575.2.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 40173873. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5575.2.4. 
  22. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J. (2019-06-26). "Revision of the southern African genus Stuckenbergomyia Smith, 1971 (Diptera, Empidoidea) and proposal of a new subfamily" (in en). African Invertebrates 60 (1): 133–145. doi:10.3897/afrinvertebr.60.35556. ISSN 2305-2562. Bibcode: 2019AfrIn..60..133S. https://africaninvertebrates.pensoft.net/article/35556/. 
  23. ↑ Solórzano-Kraemer, Mónica M.; J Sinclair, Bradley; Arillo, Antonio; Álvarez-Parra, Sergio (2023). "A new genus of dance fly (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae) from Cretaceous Spanish ambers and introduction to the fossiliferous amber outcrop of La Hoya (Castellón Province, Spain)". PeerJ 11. doi:10.7717/peerj.14692. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 36655053. 
  • Data related to Hybotidae at Wikispecies
  • Family description
  • Images at Diptera.info
  • [1] Key to UK genera

Template:Diptera Wikidata ☰ Q594004 entry



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