Biology:Tachydromia

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Short description: Genus of flies

Tachydromia
Tachydromia.cf.arrogans.1.jpg
Tachydromia cf. arrogans
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Hybotidae
Subfamily: Tachydromiinae
Tribe: Tachydromiini
Genus: Tachydromia
Meigen, 1803[1]
Type species
Musca cimicoides
Fabricius, 1791[2]
Synonyms
  • Coryneta Meigen, 1908[3]
  • Phoneustica Aldrich, 1905
  • Phoneutisca Loew, 1863[4]
  • Sicus Latreille, 1797[5]
  • Tachidromya Rondani, 1856[6]
  • Tachidromyia Bigot, 1889[7]
  • Tachista Loew, 1864
  • Tachydroma Waltl, 1837[8]
  • Tachydromya Oken, 1815[9]
  • Tachydromyia Macquart, 1823[10]
  • Tachysta Loew, 1864

Tachydromia is a genus of hybotid flies. It is widespread around the world, with species found essentially everywhere except the polar regions and some remote islands. They are not very diverse in East and Southeast Asia,[11] or in Africa[12][13]

Description

Tachydromia are minute, slender flies of shining jet-black color, that are almost devoid of hairs and bristles.[11]

The globular head bears large eyes with large facets. Three ocelli are present. The two-jointed antennae are short. The vertical, rigid proboscis is shorter than the head.[11]

The thorax is longer than broad. The slender legs bear microscopic hairs, but no bristles. The front femora are somewhat thickened. The males of some species have small spines on the middle femora or tibiae beneath.[11]

The wings are narrow, with the costa ending at the fourth vein and sometimes thickened beyond the insertion of the first vein. There is no trace of an anal cell present. Some species show one or two dark bands across the wings.[11]

Species

  • Tachydromia achterbergi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009[14]
  • Tachydromia acklandi Chvála, 1973
  • Tachydromia aemula (Loew, 1864)[15]
  • Tachydromia alatauensis Shamshev & Chvála, 2001
  • Tachydromia alteropcta (Becker, 1889)[16]
  • Tachydromia andreiruizae Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003[17]
  • Tachydromia annamensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009[14]
  • Tachydromia annulimana Meigen, 1822[18]
  • Tachydromia apterygon Plant & Deeming, 2006[19]
  • Tachydromia arrogans (Linnaeus, 1761)[20]
  • Tachydromia basiflava Gu, Zeng, Zhang & Yang, 2021[21]
  • Tachydromia bimaculata (Loew, 1863)[4]
  • Tachydromia bistigma (Bezzi, 1912)[22]
  • Tachydromia borzhomica Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia calcanea (Meigen, 1838)[23]
  • Tachydromia calcarata (Strobl, 1910)[24]
  • Tachydromia carnarvonensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2011[25]
  • Tachydromia carpathica Chvála, 1966[26]
  • Tachydromia catalonica (Strobl, 1906)[27]
  • Tachydromia caucasica Chvála, 1970[28]
  • Tachydromia ciliata Melander, 1910[29]
  • Tachydromia collini Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia colliniana Shamshev & Chvála, 2001
  • Tachydromia connexa Meigen, 1822[18]
  • Tachydromia costalis (Roser, 1840)[30]
  • Tachydromia crassiseta Gu, Zeng, Zhang & Yang, 2021[21]
  • Tachydromia denticulata (Oldenberg, 1912)[31]
  • Tachydromia digitiformis Saigusa & Yang, 2003[32]
  • Tachydromia diversipes Melander, 1910[29]
  • Tachydromia doi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008[33]
  • Tachydromia edenensis Hewitt & Chvála, 2002
  • Tachydromia egelata Meunier, 1908[34]
  • Tachydromia elbrusensis Chvála, 1970[28]
  • Tachydromia enecator Melander, 1902[35]
  • Tachydromia excisa (Loew, 1864)[15]
  • Tachydromia flavipes Meigen, 1804[36]
  • Tachydromia freidbergi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2010[12]
  • Tachydromia fuscinervis (Frey, 1915)
  • Tachydromia georgiana Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia gorodkovi Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia guangdongensis Yang & Grootaert, 2006
  • Tachydromia gussakovskii Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia halidayi (Collin, 1926)
  • Tachydromia halterata (Collin, 1926)
  • Tachydromia harti Malloch, 1919[37]
  • Tachydromia henanensis Saigusa & Yang, 2003[32]
  • Tachydromia hirtipes Melander, 1928[38]
  • Tachydromia hissarica Shamshev & Chvála, 2001
  • Tachydromia incisa (Brunetti, 1913)[39]
  • Tachydromia incompleta (Becker, 1900)[40]
  • Tachydromia interrupta (Loew, 1864)[15]
  • Tachydromia kazakhstanica Shamshev & Chvála, 2001
  • Tachydromia kerzhneri Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia kovalevi Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia latifascipennis Brunetti, 1917[41]
  • Tachydromia lilaniensis Smith, 1969[42]
  • Tachydromia longyuwanensis Saigusa & Yang, 2003[32]
  • Tachydromia lundstroemi (Frey, 1913)
  • Tachydromia maculipennis Walker, 1849[43]
  • Tachydromia magadanica Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia mediasiatica Shamshev & Chvála, 2001
  • Tachydromia menglunensis Grootaert, Yang & Shamshev, 2008[44]
  • Tachydromia menyangensis Grootaert, Yang & Shamshev, 2008[44]
  • Tachydromia microceroides Chvála, 1988
  • Tachydromia microptera (Loew, 1864)[15]
  • Tachydromia minima (Becker, 1900)[40]
  • Tachydromia monaca Melander, 1928[38]
  • Tachydromia mongolica Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia monocercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008[33]
  • Tachydromia monserratensis (Strobl, 1906)[27]
  • Tachydromia morio (Zetterstedt, 1838)[45]
  • Tachydromia mucronata (Collin, 1941)[46]
  • Tachydromia nigerrima (Bezzi, 1918)[47]
  • Tachydromia obsoleta (Strobl, 1910)[24]
  • Tachydromia occipitalis (Collin, 1941)[46]
  • Tachydromia ornatipes (Becker, 1890)[48]
  • Tachydromia ozerovi Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia papuana Grootaert, 1987
  • Tachydromia parva Chvála, 1970[28]
  • Tachydromia petrabilis Smith, 1969[42]
  • Tachydromia phengites Melander, 1928[38]
  • Tachydromia postposita Keilbach, 1982[49]
  • Tachydromia preapicalis (Collin, 1941)[46]
  • Tachydromia productipes (Strobl, 1910)[24]
  • Tachydromia pseliophora Melander, 1928[38]
  • Tachydromia pseudointerrupta Chvála, 1970[28]
  • Tachydromia punctifera (Becker, 1900)[40]
  • Tachydromia rhyacophila Chvála, 1995
  • Tachydromia rossica Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia sabulosa Meigen, 1830[50]
  • Tachydromia schnitteri Stark, 1996
  • Tachydromia schwarzii Coquillett, 1895[51]
  • Tachydromia shatalkini Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia sibirica Shamshev, 1993
  • Tachydromia simplicissima (Engel, 1938)
  • Tachydromia smithi Chvála, 1966[26]
  • Tachydromia stackelbergi Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia stanislavi Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia styriaca (Strobl, 1893)[52]
  • Tachydromia subarrogans Kovalev & Chvála, 1985
  • Tachydromia tacoma Melander, 1928[38]
  • Tachydromia terricola Zetterstedt, 1819[53]
  • Tachydromia terricolodies Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005[54]
  • Tachydromia thaica Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005[54]
  • Tachydromia theobaldi Timon-David, 1944[55]
  • Tachydromia tuberculata (Loew, 1864)[15]
  • Tachydromia tucumanensis Claps, 1991
  • Tachydromia tuvinica Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia umbrarum Haliday, 1833[56]
  • Tachydromia undulata (Strobl, 1906)[27]
  • Tachydromia varipennis Coquillett, 1903[57]
  • Tachydromia varzobica Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia vietnamensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009[14]
  • Tachydromia vladimiri Shamshev, 1994
  • Tachydromia voracis Meunier, 1908[34]
  • Tachydromia vriesi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009[14]
  • Tachydromia woodi (Collin, 1926)
  • Tachydromia yunnanensis Grootaert, Yang & Shamshev, 2008[44]

References

  1. ↑ Meigen, J. W. (1803). "Versuch einer neuen Gattungs-Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugligen Insekten". Mag. Insektenkd 2: 259–281. 
  2. ↑ Fabricius, J.C. (1798). Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Hafniae [= Copenhagen]: C. G. Proft et Storch. pp. [4] + 572 pp. 
  3. ↑ Hendel, F. (1908). "Nouvelle classification des mouches a deux ailes (Diptera L.). D'apres un plan tout nouveau par J. G. Meigen, Paris, an VIII (1800 v.s.). Mit einem Kommentar". Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 58: 43–69. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Loew, Hermann (1863). "Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria tertia". Berl. Entomol. Z. 7: 1–55. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18630070104. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39616#page/9/mode/1up. Retrieved 14 February 2017. 
  5. ↑ Latreille, P.A. (1797). Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Bordeaux, Brive: Prevot, Paris. pp. xiv + 201 + [7]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119655#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 29 May 2022. 
  6. ↑ Rondani, Camillo (1856). Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus. Vol: I. Genera italica ordinis Dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata.. Parmae [= Parma].: A. Stocchi. pp. 226 + [2] pp. 
  7. ↑ Bigot, Jacques-Marie-Frangile (1889). "Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 34e partie, XLII: Empidi". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 9 (6): 111–134. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32438653#page/117/mode/1up. Retrieved 6 May 2019. 
  8. ↑ Waltl, J. (1837). "Neue Gattungen von mücken bey Passau". Isis (Oken's) 4: 279–283. 
  9. ↑ Oken, L. (1815). Fleischlose Thiere. Zoologie. In his Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. 3. Leipzig: Author, Jena & C. H. Reclam. pp. xxviii+850+xviii+iv pp., 40 pls. 
  10. ↑ Macquart, P. J. M. (1823). "Monographie des insectes dipteres de la famille des empides, observes dans le nord-ouest de la France". Rec. Trav. Soc. Amat. Sci. Agric. Arts, Lille 1819-1822: 137–165. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 A. L. Melander (1910). "The Genus Tachydromia". Psyche 17 (2): 41–63. doi:10.1155/1910/29732. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Shamshev, I.; Grootaert, P. (2010). "The genus Tachydromia Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Afrotropics". African Invertebrates 51 (1): 207–218. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0106. Bibcode: 2010AfrIn..51..207S. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288582864. Retrieved 19 May 2023. 
  13. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "Morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea". Zootaxa (Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press) 1180: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. http://www.nadsdiptera.org/Doid/Doidclass/SinclairCumming2006.pdf. Retrieved 24 April 2023. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Grootaert, P.; Shamshev, I. (2009). "First records of Tachydromia Meigen and Tachypeza Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Viet Nam, with descriptions of four new species". Zootaxa 2249 (1): 33–43. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2249.1.3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334966223. Retrieved 22 May 2023. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Loew, H. (1864). "Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus)". Zeitschrift für Entomologie (Breslau) 14 (1860): 1–60. 
  16. ↑ Becker, T. (1889). "Neue Dipteren aus Dalmatien, gesammelt auf einer Reise im Mai 1889". Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 33: 335–346. doi:10.1002/mmnd.18900330219. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Berliner-Ent-Zeitschrift_33_0335-0346.pdf. Retrieved 15 May 2023. 
  17. ↑ Grootaert, P.; Shamshev, I.V. (2003). "A note on the remarkable empidid fauna (Diptera Empididae Hybotidae Atelestidae) of Corsica". Bulletin de la Société Royale Belge d'Entomologie 139 (7–12): 243–252. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Meigen, J. W. (1822). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Hamm: Dritter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann. pp. x, 416, pls. 22–32. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49298#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 14 April 2019. 
  19. ↑ Plant, Adrian R.; Deeming, John C. (2006). "An apeterous [apterous] species of Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Italy". Dipterological Research 17: 113–116. 
  20. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1761). Fauna Svecica ... Editio altera, auctior. Stockholmiae [=Stockholm]: L. Salvii. pp. [49] + 578 pp., 2 pls. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Gu, Y.; Zeng, W.; Zhang, J.H.; Yang, D. (2021). "Two new species of the genus Tachydromia (Diptera: Empididae) from Shaanxi, China". 43 Entomotaxonomia (2): 109–114. 
  22. ↑ Bezzi, M. (1912). "Rhagionidae et Empididae ex insula Formosa a Clar. H. Sauter Missae". Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 10: 442–495. http://publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/annHNHM/Annals_HNHM_1912_Vol_10_442.pdf. Retrieved 10 May 2019. 
  23. ↑ Meigen, Johann Wilhelm (1838). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. 7. Hamm. pp. xii + 1–434. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46124#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 28 June 2021. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Strobl, Pater Gabriel (1910). "Die Dipteren von Steiermark. II. Nachtrag". Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark (1909)46: 45–292. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93344#page/593/mode/1up. Retrieved 25 May 2019. 
  25. ↑ Grootaert, P.; Shamshev, I. (2011). "The genus Tachydromia Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Australia". Records of the Australian Museum 63: 103–112. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1552. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Chvála, M. (1966). "Notes on the genus Tachydromia Meig. and the annulimana-group (Diptera, Empididae)". Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 63: 464–477. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Strobl, Pater Gabriel (1906). "Spanische Dipteren. II. Beitrag (1).". Memorias de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 3 (5): 271–422. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44583#page/387/mode/1up. Retrieved 10 June 2018. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Chvála, M. (1970). "Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Tachydromia Meig. (=Tachista Loew) (Diptera, Empididae)". Sborník Entomologického Oddelení Národního Musea v Praze 38 [1969]: 431–540. https://www.aemnp.eu/data/article-961/942-38_0_415.pdf. Retrieved 22 May 2023. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Melander, A.L. (1910). "The genus Tachydromia". Psyche 17 (2): 41–62, 1 pl. doi:10.1155/1910/29732. 
  30. ↑ Roser, K.L.F. von (1840). "Erster Nachtrag zu dem im Jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten Verzeichnisse in Wurttemberg vorkommender zweiflugliger Insekten.". Correspondenzbl. K. Wurttemb. Landw. Ver., Stuttgart 37 [=N.S. 17] (1): 49–64. 
  31. ↑ Oldenberg, L. (1912). "Drie neue Dipteren aus Tirol". Entomologische Mitteilungen 1: 209–215. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.25899. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25899. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Saigusa, T.; Yang, D. (2003). "Empididae (Diptera) from Funiu Mountains, Henan, China (I)". Studia Dipterologica 9 (2): 519–543. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2008). "New and little-known species of the genus Tachydromia Meigen (Diptera, Hybotidae) from Thailand". Zootaxa 1830: 21–36. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1830.1.2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333605426. Retrieved 24 May 2023. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Meunier, F. (1908). "Monographie des Empididae de l'ambre de la Baltique et catalogue bibliographique complet sur les dipteres de cette resine". Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 7 (9): 81–135. 
  35. ↑ Melander, Axel. L. (1902). "A monograph of the North American Empididae. Part I". Transactions of the American Entomological Society 28: 195–367. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7525899#page/221/mode/1up. Retrieved 1 June 2018. 
  36. ↑ Meigen, J.W. (1804). Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europäischen zweiflügligen Insekten. (Diptera Linn.). Erster Band. Abt. I. Abt. II... Braunschweig [= Brunswick]: Reichard. pp. xxviii + pp. 1–152, vi + pp. 153–314. 
  37. ↑ Malloch, J.R. (1919). "A new species of the genus Tachydromia from Illinois (Diptera, Empididae)". The Canadian Entomologist 51 (11): 248. doi:10.4039/Ent51248-11. https://zenodo.org/record/2372973. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Melander, Axel Leonard (1928). Diptera. Fam. Empididae. In Wytsman, P., ed.. Bruxelles: Genera insectorum. pp. 1–434. 
  39. ↑ Brunetti, Enrico (1913). "New Indian Empididae.". Records of the Indian Museum 9: 11–45. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10881561#page/55/mode/1up. Retrieved 13 April 2019. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Becker, T. (1900). "Beitrage zur Dipteren-Fauna Sibiriens. Nordwest-Sibirische Dipteren gesammelt vom Prof. John Sahlberg aus Helsingfors im Jahre 1876 und vom Dr. E. Bergroth aus Tammerfors im Jahre 1877.". Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae. Series B. Opera Biologica 26 (9): 66 pp., 1 pl. 
  41. ↑ Brunetti, E. (1917). "Diptera of the Simla District". Records of the Indian Museum 13: 59–101. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11127863#page/149/mode/1up. Retrieved 22 May 2023. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Smith, Kenneth G. V. (1969). "The Empididae of southern Africa (Diptera)". Annals of the Natal Museum 19: 1–342. 
  43. ↑ Walker, F. (1849). List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part III. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 485–687. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Grootaert, P.; Yang, D.; Shamshev, I. (2008). "Tachydromia Meigen from Yunnan (Diptera, Hybotidae)". Annales Zoologici 58 (3): 561–566. doi:10.3161/000345408X364391. 
  45. ↑ Zetterstedt, J.W. (1838). Sectio tertia. Diptera. Dipterologis Scandinaviae, pp. 477-868. In his: Insecta Lapponica.. Lipsiae [= Leipzig]. pp. vi + 1,140 pp. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Collin, James Edward (1941). "Some Pipunculidae and Empididae from the Ussuri region on the far eastern border of the U.S.S.R. (Diptera)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (B) 10: 218–248. 
  47. ↑ Bezzi, M. (1918). "Studi sulla ditterofauna nivale delle Alpi italiane". Memorie della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano 9 (1): 1–164. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/275110#page/11/mode/1up. Retrieved 25 April 2023. 
  48. ↑ Becker, T. (1890). "Altes und Neues aus Tirol und Salzburg. Ein dipterologischer Beitrag". Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 9: 65–70. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/WEZ_9_0065-0070.pdf. Retrieved 15 May 2023. 
  49. ↑ Keilbach, R. (1982). "Bibliographie und Liste der Arten tierscher Einshlusse in fossilen Harzen sowie ihrer Aufbewahrungsprte. Teil 2.". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. Neue Folge 29 (4–5): 301–491. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19820290402. 
  50. ↑ (in de) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. (Volume 6). Schulz-Wundermann. 1830. https://dlib.stanford.edu:6521/text1/dd-ill/insekten6.pdf. 
  51. ↑ Coquillett, Daniel William (1895). "Revision of the North American Empididae.- A family of two-winged insects". Proceedings of the United States National Museum (1896) 18: 387–440. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7733499#page/469/mode/1up. Retrieved 30 March 2019. 
  52. ↑ Strobl, Gabriel (1893). "Die Dipteren von Steiermark". Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark. (1892) 29: 1–199. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35306#page/7/mode/1up. Retrieved 16 June 2019. 
  53. ↑ Zetterstedt, J.W. (1819). "Nagra nya Svenska insekt-arter fundne och beskrifne". K. Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl 1819: 69–86. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2005). "The genus Tachydromia Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from South East Asia, with the description of three new species". Studia Dipterologica 12: 109–117. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263069721. Retrieved 24 May 2023. 
  55. ↑ Timon-David, J. (1944). "Insectes fossiles de l'Oligocene inferieur des Camoins (Bassin des Marseille). Pt. 1. Diptères, brachyceres". Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 48: 128–134. doi:10.3406/bsef.1943.15695. 
  56. ↑ Haliday, Alexander Henry (1833). "Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire". Entomological Magazine 1: 147–180. 
  57. ↑ Coquillett, Daniel W. (1903). "The genera of the dipterous family Empididae, with notes and new species.". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 5: 245–272. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2347042#page/271/mode/1up. Retrieved 1 June 2018. 

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