Biology:Iberis
Iberis (/aɪˈbɪərɪs/ eye-BEER-iss),[1] commonly called candytuft, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. It comprises annuals, evergreen perennials and subshrubs native to the Old World.[2] Species are native to the Mediterranean basin (southern Europe and North Africa), Western Asia, the Caucasus, and western Europe.[3] The name "candytuft" is not related to candy, but derives from Candia, the former name of Iraklion on the Island of Crete.[4]
They are used as ornamental plants for rock gardens, bedding, and borders in full sun or light shade.
In the language of flowers, the candytuft symbolizes indifference.[5]
Species
32 species are accepted.[3]
- Iberis amara L. – rocket candytuft, bitter candytuft, wild candytuft
- Iberis atlantica (Litard. & Maire) Greuter & Burdet
- Iberis attica Jord.
- Iberis aurosica Chaix
- Iberis balansae Jord.
- Iberis bernardiana Gren. & Godr.
- Iberis carica (Bornm.) Prain
- Iberis carnosa Willd.
- Iberis ciliata All.
- Iberis contracta Pers.
- Iberis fontqueri Pau
- Iberis gibraltarica L. – Gibraltar candytuft
- Iberis grosii Pau
- Iberis gypsicola Yıld.
- Iberis halophila Vural & H.Duman
- Iberis intermedia Guers.
- Iberis linifolia L.
- Iberis nazarita Moreno
- Iberis odorata L.
- Iberis pectinata Boiss. & Reut.
- Iberis peyerimhoffii Maire
- Iberis pinnata L.
- Iberis procumbens Lange – dune candytuft
- Iberis runemarkii Greuter & Burdet
- Iberis saxatilis L. – rock candytuft
- Iberis semperflorens L.
- Iberis sempervirens L. – evergreen candytuft, perennial candytuft
- Iberis simplex DC.
- Iberis spathulata DC.
- Iberis spruneri Jord.
- Iberis timeroyi Jord.
- Iberis umbellata L. – globe candytuft
Trophic connections
These plants provide nourishment for a number of insect species of which the rare Euchloe tagis butterfly is the most striking example as it is monophagous on species in this genus. [6][7]
Biochemical defenses
Species in the genus Iberis contain not only glucosinolates, which are characteristic chemical defenses of the Brassicaceae plant family, but also cucurbitacins,[8] which are better known as chemical defenses in the Cucurbitaceae plant family. Cucurbitacins from Iberis amara have antifeedant activity against the Brassicaceae-feeding specialist Pieris rapae (cabbage butterfly).[9] Cucurbitacins from Iberis umbellata (globe candytuft) are ecdysteroid antagonists, acting on the ecdysteroid receptor of insects.[10]
References
- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. pp. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpowo - ↑ Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. pp. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
- ↑ "Language of Flowers - Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments". http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm.
- ↑ de Viedma, M. G.; Escribano, R.; Gómez-Bustillo, M. R.; Mattoni, R. H. T. (1985-01-01). "The first attempt to establish a nature reserve for the conservation of lepidoptera in Spain" (in en). Biological Conservation 32 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90113-2. ISSN 0006-3207. Bibcode: 1985BCons..32..255D. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3207%2885%2990113-2.
- ↑ Marabuto, Eduardo; Pina-Martins, Francisco; Rebelo, Maria Teresa; Paulo, Octávio S. (2020). "Ancient divergence, a crisis of salt and another of ice shaped the evolution of the west Mediterranean butterfly Euchloe tagis" (in en). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131 (3): 487–504. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa129. https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa129/5913157.
- ↑ Nielsen, Jens Kvist; Larsen, Lone Melchior; Søorensen, Hilmer (1977-01-01). "Cucurbitacin E and I in Iberis amara: Feeding inhibitors for Phyllotreta nemorum" (in en). Phytochemistry 16 (10): 1519–1522. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(77)84014-4. ISSN 0031-9422. Bibcode: 1977PChem..16.1519N. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2877%2984014-4.
- ↑ Sachdev-Gupta, Kusum; Radke, Celia D.; Renwick, J. Alan A. (1993-08-12). "Antifeedant activity of cucurbitacins from Iberis amara against larvae of Pieris rapae" (in en). Phytochemistry. The International Journal of Plant Biochemistry 33 (6): 1385–1388. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85096-A. ISSN 0031-9422. Bibcode: 1993PChem..33.1385S.
- ↑ Dinan, Laurence; Whiting, Pensri; Girault, Jean-Pierre; Lafont, René; Dhadialla, S. Tarlochan; Cress, E. Dean; Mugat, Bruno; Antoniewski, Christophe et al. (1997-11-01). "Cucurbitacins are insect steroid hormone antagonists acting at the ecdysteroid receptor" (in en). Biochemical Journal 327 (3): 643–650. doi:10.1042/bj3270643. ISSN 0264-6021. PMID 9581538. PMC 1218839. https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/327/3/643/34040/Cucurbitacins-are-insect-steroid-hormone?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q158380 entry
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