Biology:Intsia bijuga

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Short description: Species of tree in the legume family
"Ipil tree" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the Ipil-ipil tree.

Intsia bijuga
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Intsia
Species:
I. bijuga
Binomial name
Intsia bijuga
(Colebr.) Kuntze[2]
Synonyms
23 synonyms
  • for I. bijuga[2]
    • Afzelia bijuga (Colebr.) A.Gray
    • Macrolobium bijugum Colebr.
    • Outea bijuga (Colebr.) DC.
  • for var. bijuga[3]
    • Afzelia bijuga f. sambiranensis R.Vig.
    • Afzelia madagascariensis (DC.) Baill.
    • Afzelia tashiroi Hayata
    • Eperua decandra Blanco
    • Intsia amboinensis DC.
    • Intsia cuanzensis Kuntze
    • Intsia madagascariensis DC.
    • Intsia moelebei Vieill.
    • Intsia tashiroi Hayata
    • Jonesia monopetala Hassk.
    • Jonesia scandens Roxb.
    • Jonesia triandra Roxb.
    • Macrolobium amboinense Teijsm. ex Hassk.
    • Pahudia hasskarliana Miq.
    • Phanera scandens (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn.
    • Saraca triandra (Roxb.) Baker
    • Tamarindus intsia Spreng.
    • Seymeria madagascariensis Kuntze
  • for var. retusa[4]
    • Afzelia retusa Kurz
    • Intsia retusa (Kurz) Kuntze

Intsia bijuga, commonly known as Borneo teak, ipil, merbau, Johnstone River teak, and kwila, amongst many other names, is a species of tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae, native to coastal areas from east Africa, through India and Southeast Asia to Australia and the western Pacific. It has significant importance to indigenous cultures in many parts of its range, but is also threatened by illegal logging due to its high quality timber. It is most commonly found in tropical coastal forests.

Description

Intsia bijuga is an evergreen tree that usually grows to about 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall but may reach 50 m (160 ft), a trunk diameter between 60 and 125 cm (24 and 49 in), and buttresses up to 4 m (13 ft) tall and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) wide. The compound leaves are arranged spirally on the twigs, and usually have four broadly oval-shaped and asymmetrical leaflets, each measuring up to 18 cm (7.1 in) long by 12 cm (4.7 in) wide.[5][6][7][8][9]

The inflorescences are terminal and carry many bisexual flowers (i.e. flowers that have both male and female parts). Only one petal is fully developed and is up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long; it is initially white and turns pink or red with age. The fruit is a rather flat woody pod measuring between 10–28 cm (3.9–11.0 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) broad, with up to 8 disc-shaped seeds about 3 cm (1.2 in) diameter and 1 cm (0.39 in) thick.[5][6][7][8][9]

Phenology

In Australia, flowering occurs from December to May.[6]

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Macrolobium bijugum by English botanist Henry Thomas Colebrooke in 1819, and was transferred to the genus Intsia by German botanist Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze in 1891.[10]

Infraspecies

Two varieties are recognised, I. bijuga var. bijuga and I. bijuga var. retusa[2]

Etymology

The derivation of the genus name Intsia is uncertain,[11][12] but it has been suggested it may come from the Malayalam name for Acacia intsia.[8] The species epithet bijuga is from the Latin words bi (two) and jugus (paired), and is a reference to the two pairs of leaflets in the compound leaf.[6]

Vernacular names

Due to the wide distribution of this species, spanning many different language and cultural areas, many common names exist. They include Borneo teak, intsia, Johnstone River teak, Moluccan ironwood, Pacific teak, scrub mahogany and teak in English; and natora, bendora, ifit, ipil, kayu besi, kwila, melila, merbau asam, merbau ayer, merbau ipil, tashiro-mame, and vesi in other languages across its range.[8][6][13][14]

Distribution and habitat

The natural range of Intsia bijuga is, in broad terms, the Indo-Pacific region. It is native to Tanzania in Africa; the Chagos Archipelago, Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean; Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka in the Indian subcontinent; Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, Thailand and Vietnam in Indo-China; Taiwan in the South China Sea; Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Maluku, the Philippines, Sulawesi and Sumatra in Malesia; the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in Papuasia; the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia; and the Caroline Islands, Fiji, the Marianas, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Palau, Samoa, Santa Cruz Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu in the western Pacific Ocean.[2][5][8][13]

The species is mostly coastal and inhabits beach forest and the upper reaches of mangrove forest, but it can also be found in rainforest and may even occur up to 600 m (2,000 ft) altitude.[5][8][6]

Uses

File:Figura electoral de Leonard Louma, British Museum.jpg
Carving from kwila timber

The timber of this species is often used due to its durablity and termite resistance compared to other types of wood, making it suitable in engineering and construction contexts as well as decorative work.[5][7][14][15] It has a density of 830 kg/m3 (1,400 lb/cu yd) and an above-ground life expectancy of more than 40 years.[14]

The tree had many uses in the indigenous communities where the tree is found—the timber was used for house building and for the construction of canoes and rafts, and for the carving of ornaments and tools. A dye can be extracted from the wood, and an insect repellent can be made from the seeds. Decoctions from various parts of the tree have been used to treat a range of ailments such as diarrhoea, rheumatism, pain, colds and influenza.[6][7][12]

Conservation

As of October 2024, Intsia bijuga was classified on a worldwide scale as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN);[1] however, various regional authorities have given it different ratings. For example, in Queensland, Australia, it has been given least concern status, whereas in the neighbouring Northern Territory it is listed as critically endangered.[16][17] It is also listed as critically endangered in Singapore, but as vulnerable in India.[18][19]

Illegal logging

File:Intsia bijuga grumes.jpg
Felled kwila logs in New Guinea

It is believed that the species now exists in large numbers only on the island of New Guinea, and that illegal logging is being carried out there as well as in Indonesia and Malaysia. In 2007, Greenpeace accused China of importing large amounts of illegally-felled ipil logs from New Guinea, and claimed at the time that at the current rate of logging "the species will be virtually wiped out in the next 35 years".[20][21][22]

Greenpeace has targeted users in Western countries in order to halt the trade in ipil. In New Zealand, attempts have been made to stop it from being imported. In 2008, retailers were divided as to whether the sale of the timber should be banned. Jim Anderton, who was the Minister in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry at that time, did not support a ban and instead left it up to consumer choice.[23]

As of 2022, illegal harvesting of the trees was still going on in New Guinea.[22]

Culture

Intsia bijuga is the official tree of the United States territory of Guam and is a culturally important tree throughout the rest of the Marianas.[15] The Tivia clan of Suburam village on the north coast of Papua New Guinea believes that the timber has spiritual powers,[22] and the tree is sacred to Fijian people.[12][7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barstow, M. (2020). "Intsia bijuga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T32310A2813445.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32310/2813445. Retrieved 15 October 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:500954-1. 
  3. ↑ "Intsia bijuga var. bijuga". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77173006-1. 
  4. ↑ "Intsia bijuga var. retusa (Kurz) Sanjappa". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967435-1. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland (2020). "Intsia bijuga". Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/intsia_bijuga.htm. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Ross, J.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). "Intsia bijuga". in Kodela, P.G.. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Intsia%20bijuga. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Intsia bijuga (vesi)". Agroforestry Net, Inc. http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Intsia-vesi.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze". Singapore Government. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/9/2971. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "PNGTreesKey - Intsia bijuga Kuntze". https://www.pngplants.org/PNGtrees/TreeDescriptions/Intsia_bijuga_Kuntze.html. 
  10. ↑ "Intsia bijuga". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. https://www.ipni.org/n/500954-1. 
  11. ↑ Ross, J.H. (2022). "Intsia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Intsia. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Thomson, Lex; Thaman, Randolf R.; Martel, François; Elevitch, Craig (2018). Thomson, L.; Doran, J.; Clarke, B.. eds. Trees for life in Oceania: conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity. Canberra: Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 143–146. ISBN 978-1-925746-18-1. https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/mn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2024. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Intsia bijuga | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 15 October 2024 }}
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Wood properties and uses of Australian timbers - Kwila". Queensland Government. 12 December 2018. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/forests-wood/properties-timbers/kwila. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Wescom, Robert W. (2024). "Guam Trees: Ifit". https://www.guampedia.com/guam-trees-ifit/. 
  16. ↑ "Species profile—Intsia bijuga". Queensland Government. 2024. https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=15302. 
  17. ↑ "Intsia bijuga". Northern Territory Government, Darwin.. 2013. https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=952. 
  18. ↑ "Flora (Red Data Book List)". Singapore Government. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/wildlife-in-singapore/species-list/flora. 
  19. ↑ "Threatened Taxa" (PDF). Government of India. https://bsi.gov.in/page/en/threatened-taxa. 
  20. ↑ Bristow, Michael (6 July 2007). "China trade threatens tropical trees". BBC. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6277518.stm. 
  21. ↑ Stark, Tamara; Cheung, Sze Pang. "Sharing the Blame - Global Consumption and China's Role in Ancient Forest Destruction". Greenpeace International and Greenpeace China. https://archivo-es.greenpeace.org/espana/Global/espana/report/other/sharing-the-blame.pdf. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chandler, Jo (8 October 2022). "Fighting off the bulldozers in the sacred kwila forests of Papua New Guinea". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/09/fighting-off-the-bulldozers-in-the-sacred-kwila-forests-of-papua-new-guinea. 
  23. ↑ Gibson, Eloise (18 August 2008). "Stores divided over calls to ban kwila". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10527536. 

Further reading

Wikidata ☰ Q12700996 entry



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