Biology:Ipanema bat
| Ipanema bat | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | Pygoderma Peters, 1863 |
| Species: | P. bilabiatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843)
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The Ipanema bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum) is a bat species of order Chiroptera and family Phyllostomidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and Paraguay.[1] It is the only species within its genus.[2]
Description
The Ipanema bat is a medium-sized bat which is brown-furred overall, with the exception of its white-furred shoulders.[3] The fur of its back is a darker shade of brown than that of its chest.[3] It has less fur on its shoulders and upper chest than on the rest of its body, particularly in males.[3][4] Its rostrum is shorter and more square-shaped than other species of its subfamily, Stenodermatinae[3][5] It has a large nose and no tail, with roundish ears having a small, 4–5 mm (0.16-0.2 in) tragus.[3]
Size varies based on sex and geographical location. Females tend to be larger than males.[5][6][4] The skulls of Ipanema bats from Argentina and Bolivia are bigger than those of their counterparts in Paraguay and Brazil.[6] P. bilabiatum typically has two molars.[3][7] However, some females have a third molar (usually in the mandibular jaw) not seen in males.[3][7] This may be correlated with the larger jaw size of females.[7]
While both males and females have glands below the jaw and surrounding the eyes, the glands in males are generally larger.[4] Males also have forelimb swellings, which are not seen in females.[5] The size and presence of such swellings varies geographically.[5] Additionally, forelimb swellings appear to be correlated with development of the males' eye glands.[5] Due to the dimorphism of forelimb swellings, It is thought that they could be correlated with mating behaviors.[5]
Range and habitat
The Ipanema bat resides in northern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[8][6] Their preferred habitats are tropical forests, subtropical forests, and secondary forests.[9] Although atypical, they are sometimes found in the coastal shrublands of Brazil.[9] This suggests that perhaps P. bilabiatum can expand its habitat into dryer, more sparsely vegetated areas.[9]
Biology
P. bilabiatum is frugivorous, specializing in fruit that is easily digested.[4] These fruits are usually very ripe and fleshy, with few seeds.[4] The fruit choices of the Ipanema bat are diverse, including the fruits of Lucuma caimito, Miconia brasiliensis, and trees of the genus Celtis, as well as Maclura tinctoria, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, and Ficus enormis.[3][4][10][11] Some may also feed on nectar.[4]
P. bilabiatum usually reproduces in either the fall or the winter.[4] It is thought that they give birth during the later end of the dry period and wean their young at the beginning of the wet period.[11] This strategy coordinates birth with the highest amount of fruit attainability.[11] Females only carry one fetus at a time.[4]
Behavior
Migration patterns may be influenced by rainfall amount and/or temperature. P. biliabatum appears to prefer regions with a minimum annual rainfall of 1500 mm (59 in) and moderate temperatures of 16-23 °C (61-73 °F)[8] Food availability and foraging capabilities seem to be an important factor in the timing and distance traveled during migration[8] Females and males migrate differently.[8] Males tend to linger in lower elevations, while females reside at intermediate and high elevations.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barquez, R.; Diaz, M. (2015). "Pygoderma bilabiatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18945A22103088. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18945A22103088.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18945/22103088. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑ "Morcego-de-Ipanema (Pygoderma bilabiatum)" (in pt-BR). https://www.ufrgs.br/faunadigitalrs/mamiferos/ordem-chiroptera/familia-phyllostomidae/morcego-de-ipanema-pygoderma-bilabiatum/.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Webster, W.D. and R. Owen. 1984. Pygoderma bilabiatum. Mammalian Species, 220: 1-3.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Myers, P. 1981. Observations on Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner). Z. SAUGETIERKD, 46(3): 146-151.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Tavares, V. D. C. and A. Tejedor. 2009.The forelimb swellings of Pygoderma bilabiatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Chiroptera Neotropical, 15(1): 411-416.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Owen, R.D. and W.D. Webster. 1983. Morphological variation in the Ipanema bat, Pygoderma bilabiatum, with description of a new subspecies. Journal of Mammalogy, 64:146-149.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Dick, C. 2002. Variation in the Dental Formula of the Ipanema Bat, Pygoderma bilabiatum. The Southwestern Naturalist, 47(3): 505-508.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Esbérard, C. E. L., I. P. de Lima, P. H. Nobre, S. L. Althoff, T. Jordão-Nogueira, D. Dias, F. Carvalho, M.E. Fabián, M.L. Sekiama, and A.S. Sobrinho. 2011. Evidence of vertical migration in the Ipanema bat Pygoderma bilabiatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae). Zoologia (Curitiba), 28(6): 717-724.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Oprea, M., P. Mendes, T. Vieira, V. Pimenta, D. Brito, and A. Ditchfield. 2007. Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Phyllostomus hastatus and Pygoderma bilabiatum: first occurrence in the Brazilian coastal shrubland ecosystem. Check List, 3(3): 175-179.
- ↑ Cáceres, N. C. and M.O. Moura. 2003, Fruit removal of a wild tomato, Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal (Solanaceae), by birds, bats and non-flying mammals in an urban Brazilian environment. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 20(3): 519-522.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Farias, D. 2014. Reports on the diet and reproduction of the Ipanema fruit bat, Pygoderma bilabiatum in a Brazilian forest fragment. Chiroptera Neotropical, 3(1): 65-66.
Wikidata ☰ Q94808 entry
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