Biology:Iris florentina

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Short description: Variety of plant

Iris florentina
Irisflorentina ap.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. florentina
Binomial name
Iris florentina
Synonyms

Iris filifolia 'Florentina' [1]

The identity of the plant first described by Carl Linnaeus as Iris florentina remains unclear, (As of December 2021). In horticulture, it has been treated as a white-flowered variant of Iris × germanica, under names such as Iris germanica nothovar. florentina, Iris × germanica var. florentina and Iris × germanica 'Florentina'. Iris florentina has also been treated as the correct name for the true species also known as Iris albicans Lange.

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions almost worldwide and is a rhizomatous perennial from southern Europe, mainly Italy (including the city of Florence) and France . It has a thick violet-scented rhizome, sword-like green or grey-green semi-evergreen leaves, a tall branched stem, and many flowers that are white and tinged or flushed with blue, pale blue, or lavender in spring or summer, and a white and yellow beard. It is also grown to produce orris-root, a scented substance used in perfumes, soaps, tooth cleanser, and clothes washing powder. Medicinally it was used as an expectorant and decongestant. It is made from the rhizomes of Iris florentina, Iris germanica and Iris pallida. The flower is commonly attributed with the fleur-de-lis.

Description

Iris florentina flower in late April.

Iris florentina has a thick or stout rhizome, which is short, fleshy, horizontal, and has a strong violet scent.[2][3][4]

The rhizomes spread across the surface of the soil,[1][5][6] to form clumps of plants.[6][7] This habit can often create a dense network of fibrous roots that can crowd out other plants.[8]

It has basal (rising up from the rhizome),[6][9] ensiform (sword-shaped),[10][11][12] light green,[13][14] pale green,[10] or grey-green leaves.[5][6][15] They are semi-evergreen,[1][6][7] or evergreen (in mild winters).[5][16] :24 The leaves can grow up to between 30 and 70 cm (12 and 28 in) long,[10][5] and between 2.5 and 4 cm (1 and 2 in)wide.[17][6] They are shorter than the stem.[10][11][15]

It has a straight,[18] stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 38 and 100 cm (15 and 39 in) tall.[13][19] :63[20] It may reach up to 75–100 cm (30–39 in) after about 3 years.[12] Although it may reach 121 cm (48 in), (in ideal conditions).[1][21] The stems have 2–4 branches.[17][10][22] The branches reduce in size as you go up the stem,[10] starting from the middle.[3] The branches can be long, when compared to Iris albicans (another white flowered iris sometimes called Iris florentina subsp. albicans (Lange) K.Richt.),[22][23]

The stem has 1–2, (scarious) membranous or sub-scarious, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[24] At flowering time, the spathes become brown and papery,[8][15][25] or fully scarious.[24] They can be up to 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long.[17] 1.5-2 in long The lower spathes are green and leaf-like.[10]

It has a short pedicel (or flower stalk), and green perianth tube, that is 3.2 cm long,[17][10] it is covered normally by the spathes.[15]

The stem (and the many branches) hold between 4 and 7 flowers.[5][15][19]:121 at terminal ends.[25][26] Sometimes in pairs.[18][11][26] The fragrant flowers,[15][19]:121[23] smell of violets,[2] appear in spring,[14][20][25] or early summer,[6][12][21] or mid-summer,[13][18] between late April and May,[2][10][16] :22 or between March and May.[27]

The large flowers,[18][14][26] are up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter (or across).[21] They come in white,[15][28]:142[29] (sometimes described as 'dead white,[2]) or greyish white,[10][14] or bluish white,[19]:121[21][26] or very pale lavender.[6][12] They are slightly tinged, or flushed with blue,[10][20][25] or pale blue,[2] or lavender.[13][7][16]:22 They are especially tinted when in bud.[22] The flowers are often confused with Iris albicans (which also has white flowers).[23][25]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[26][28]:17 The deflexed,[10][26] or drooping falls,[1][3] are obovate,[15] or cuneate (wedge) shaped.[17][20] They are 7.6–9 cm (3–4 in) long and 3.8 cm (1 in) wide.[17] There is some greenish-yellow veining on the haft, (section of the petal near the stem),[5][23] and in the centre of the falls,[8] there is a narrow fillet of white cilias (called a beard) with deep yellow tips,[10][15][26] bright yellow,[17][20] or orange yellow.[5] The standards are erect,[1][3][10] oboval,[20] and narrower than the falls.[15] The hafts of the standards, have a small white beard.[24][28]:142

It has style branches,[3] that are toothed and 3.8 cm long, with a deltoid crests.[17] It has an oblong shaped and pearl coloured stigma.[10]

After the iris has flowered, between July and August,[15] it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped),[15] trigonal, or oblong seed capsule.[10] It is longer than the seed capsule of Iris germanica.[10] The capsule is loculicidal (has chambers),[6] with 3 cells,[26] that hold dark brown,[15] or brown seeds.[3] The seeds are normally lined up like rolls of coins.[3]

Biochemistry

In 1973, a chemical study was carried out on Iris florentina, it found isoflavone glycosides.[30]

In 2013, a study listed all the naturally occurring xanthones. It mentioned that Arisawa and Morita have isolated tetraoxygenated xanthone glycoside 2-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5-methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone from Iris florentina.[31]

In 2014, a study was carried out on the essential oil of Iris florentina. It found several compounds including decanoic acid, ethanon,[check spelling] α-iron, trans-2,6-γ-iron, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, 9,12 oktadecadienoic acid and hexanedioic acid bis ester.[32]

In 2015, a study was carried out on the antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of the iris.[33]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[28]:18 It has a count of 2n=44, meaning it is a tetraploid.[5][34]

Taxonomy

Painted illustration of Iris florentina by Sydenham Edwards for Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1803

It has the common names of 'Florentine Iris',[1][6][11] 'Florentine Flag' (in the US),[10] 'Glaive lily',[1][7] 'White German Iris',[8] and 'White Flower De Luce',[18]

It is sometimes known as orris root, which also comes from the rhizomes of Iris germanica and Iris pallida.[18]

The French call it commonly as 'la flambe blanche' (the white torch of the garden).[16] :20[35]

It is known in Malta as 'Fjurduliz abjad',[27] in Danish as 'violrod', in France as 'Iris de florence', in German as 'florentinsche schwertlilie', in Spanish (and Portuguese) as 'lirio blanco' or 'lirio de Florencia'.[36]

The Latin specific epithet florentina refers to a 'Latinised' word meaning ‘from Florence’.[6][16]:22[37]

It was first collected Italy, and then introduced to N. Europe in about 1500.[38][39] It has been cultivated for centuries in Europe.[8]

It was first published and described by Carl Linnaeus, in Systema Naturae Edition 10, Issue2 on page863 on 7 June 1759, as Iris florentina.[40][41] It was thought to be similar to Iris germanica, but with white flowers.[23]

In 1796, Iris officinalis Salisb. was published by Salisb in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton Vol.43.[42] But this was later classed as Iris florentina.

In 1910, William Rickatson Dykes in The Gardeners' Chronicle of September 17, 1910,[23] felt that Iris florentina was not a wild species but had hybrid origin,[15] or form of Iris germanica.[19]:121

In his book, 'The Iris' in 1981, Brian Mathew, re-classified the iris as Iris germanica 'Florentina'.[23][25][39]

This later became Iris germanica nothovar. florentina.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 19 October 1994, then updated on 12 September 2005, as Iris germanica L. nothovar. florentina Dykes.[41]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life as Iris germanica var. florentina.[43]

Iris florentina is an accepted name by the RHS,[1] it was given the Award of Garden Merit in 1994.[4][6][7]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to central,[17] and southern Europe.[2][5][16]:24

Range

It is found in Italy,[20][28]:142[44] (including Tuscany,[22]) France,[3][38] and the Mediterranean islands,[19]:121[28]:142 (including Malta).[27]

Botanist Desfontaines found it in Algiers, where it is grown with Iris germanica near graves.[10]

It has been naturalised in many other countries, from the Mediterranean,[2] (including west Africa and southern Spain ,[19]:121) to India ,[5] and Iran.[18] In Russia, it grows in the south of western Siberia. Outside of Russia, it is found in Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China .[15]

In many regions of the world, especially in Italy, it is cultivated for commercial use.[18][9]

Habitat

It grows on sunny mountain slopes,[18] on steppes, sandy or rocky dry slopes.[15]

It naturalises along roadsides, field margins, olive groves, abandoned vineyards and other cultivated sites.[8]

Conservation

All the stations in the other countries where it has become naturalized for centuries, it is gone, or they are declining.[5] Not protected by law and not listed in the flora section of the National Red Data book (1989)[27]

Cultivation

It is hardy,[10] to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 9,[6] or between 5 and 8.[21] It is also hardy to Zone H2 (in Europe),[25] between −15 and -20oC (5 to −4oF).[45] It has been tested for hardiness in Russia, in the botanical gardens of; Barnaul, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg and Ufa.[15] In the winter, it requires protection from moisture (in Russia).[15] It can be cultivated well throughout Europe and N America, except in the warm moist climates of Florida and Gulf Coast.[13]

It prefers to grow in moist, well drained soils,[1][6][21] in loam.[1][14] It can tolerate sandy soils,[14] or any common garden soil.[11][20] It also tolerates most soil pH levels of, and will tolerate very alkali or acid soils.[1][6][14]

It prefers a situation in full sun,[1][14][21] to light shade.[6]

It will suffer from rhizome viruses in waterlogged soil.[1][15]

It can be grown in mixed flower borders,[1][14] rock gardens,[15] and beside the edges of shrubberies.[20] As well as being naturalized in the garden.[46] It can be a cut flower for displays.[14]

It is deer and rabbit resistant,[14] but can suffer from leaf spot,[1] Iris borer,[14] thrips,[1] slug and snails.[1][5][12] Aphids Aphis newtoni and Dysaphis tulipae can also be found on the plant.[47]

The irises are planted shallow, leaving the tops of the rhizomes exposed,[21] to the sun. They are not mulched, as this could cause rotting to the rhizomes.[12] They can be fertilized in early spring, and again in late summer,[14] with a general fertilizer or bone meal.[12] The foliage can be cut back in the autumn, after the flowers have faded.[1][12]

Propagation

Iris florentina can only be propagated by division,[11][15][20] of the rhizomes,[18] after flowering,[21][22] up to six weeks after flowering,[6] and in the autumn.[1][10]

They should be divided every 3 to 4 years,[14][21] when large clumps.[6]

The old woody-like centre, should be removed,[12][21] along with any damaged sections.[2] The rhizomes are then left exposed, to allow the cuts to callus, then the foliage is trimmed,[2] (to reduce water loss). Then the new rhizome sections can be re-planted, in new situations and at a shallow depth.[12]

Hybrids and cultivars

It has a few cultivars including; 'Alba',[38] 'Blue Zua',[39] 'Bluzugraf',[39] 'Elizabeth Huntington',[39] 'Elsie Crouch Diltz',[39] 'Firmament',[39] 'Florentina purpurea',[39] 'Gambetta',[38] 'Janet Barnes',[39] 'New Orleans' (which has light grey flowers),[44] 'Queen Emma',[38] 'Silver King',[38] and 'Zua'.[39]

There are a few crosses: 'Altar Candles', 'Tan Crown', 'Vendor'.[39]

Toxicity

An 1897 botanical image from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves) and, if ingested, can cause stomach pains and vomiting.[5][7][14] Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[48]

It was noted by G.R Winter (in 1948, J Periodont 19:108) that allergic manifestations can be caused by the use of a dentifrice (teeth cleaner) containing orris root powder.[49]

Uses

Main page: Biology:Orris root

The violet scented rhizome has many uses including, a perfume,[11] for mixing with hair powder,[10][11] powder used for washing clothes, hair, and teeth,[50] used as a fresh scent for linen, a base for dry shampoos, base for tooth powders, in face-packs, as a fixative in pot-pourri.[13]

It was used medicinally as an expectorant (clearance of mucus from the airways) and decongestant.[44][50] It was also formerly used for treating wounds and chest infections.[8] It was also administered for the cure of dropsy.[51] It was also used sometimes for bronchitis, coughs and sore throat, for colic and for congestion of the liver.[9] It is rarely used medicinally nowadays.[13] It has been chewed as a breath freshener, carved into rosary beads, and given to babies as a teething aid.[50]

It is still used in cosmetics,[12] perfumes, soaps and sweets. Also it is used for maturing Chianti wine,[6][22] and as an ingredient in Bombay Sapphire Gin.[52]

Culture

Iris florentina is considered one of the irises (with Iris pseudacorus) that inspired the fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-luce) of heraldry,[13][18][12] which was the symbol of the city of Florence for centuries,[18][5] and is on the coat of arms of the city.

A legend of the city tells that on St. Reparata's Day in the year 405 the Goths had the city of Florence under siege, and the city defences were failing. Suddenly, St. Reparata appeared in the midst of the fighting, holding a blood-red banner emblazoned with a white iris. This changed the battle and lifted the spirits of the Florentines, which led them to be victorious. In gratitude (to St Reparata), the city adopted the symbol for its coat of arms[50] from the eleventh century onwards.[53] After the battle in which the Guelfs (or Guelphs) routed the Ghibellines in the late thirteenth century,[50][53][54] the colours were reversed, and the red lily (or red giglio,[53]) on a field of white became the symbol of Florence.[50][53][55]

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period, ‘Iris green' (or 'Verdelis' and 'Vert d'iris'),[10] was a rare, paint pigment colour used by manuscript illuminators and painters.[50][56] It was made from the juice of the fresh flowers of Iris florentine and/or Iris germanica.[10][56][57] The bluish or purplish petal juice was steeped (soaked) in boiling water, then combined and thickened with alum.[50][56] It then produces a clear green paint. It was used in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It can not be distinguished from 'sap green' (or 'verte de vessie' or 'verde di vesica') a paint juice derived from Buckthorn berries.[56]

On the triptych painting, "Adorazione dei Pastori" by painter Hugo van der Goes (in 1475 or 1476), it has images of Iris florentina and Iris pallida.[19]:20[54] It is in the Botticelli room of the Uffizi Gallery.[54]

The white flowers of Iris florentina are also used church decoration,[16]:20 and planted around graves in the city of Florence, as a token of respect to the deceased.[35][58]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 "Iris Florentina". www.rhs.org.uk. https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98796/Iris-Florentina-(IB-TB)/Details. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Ruth D. Wrensch The Essence of Herbs, p. 213, at Google Books
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Iris florentina" (PDF). centerchem.com. http://www.centerchem.com/Products/DownloadFile.aspx?FileID=6787. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Christopher Brickell (Editor)RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5th Edition, 2010), p. 611, at Google Books
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 "Chapitre I Les Iris Rhizomateux (partie 1)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-les-iris-rhizomateux-partie-1-123750659.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 "Iris germanica Florentina". davisla.wordpress.com. 31 May 2012. https://davisla.wordpress.com/2012/05/31/plant-of-the-week-iris-germanica-florentina/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "Iris florentina". shootgardening.co.uk. https://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/iris-florentina. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Neil Fletcher Mediterranean Wildflowers, p. 52, at Google Books
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 John Lust The Herb Book: The Most Complete Catalog of Herbs Ever Published (2009), p. 292, at Google Books
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 John Sims Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden, Volume 18 (1803), p. 95, at Google Books
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edinburgh Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edinburgh, p. 245, at Google Books
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 Stefan Buczacki The Herb Bible: The definitive guide to choosing and growing herbs, p. 223, at Google Books
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 McVicar, Jekka (2006). Jekka's Complete Herb Book (Revised ed.). Bookmark Ltd. ISBN 978-1845093709. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 "Iris florentina". perennials.com. http://www.perennials.com/plants/iris-florentina.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 "Bearded Irises (IRIS) Sem. Kasatikovye". flower.onego.ru. http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ir.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Walter Stager Tall Bearded Iris (Fleur-de-Lis): What, When, Where, and How to Plant and subsequent plant (1917) at Google Books
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Richard Lynch and Henry Ewbank The Book of the Iris (1904), p. 148, at Google Books
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 "Florentine Iris". herbs2000.com. http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_florentine_iris.htm. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 William Robinson Hardy Flowers (1878), p. 149, at Google Books
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. 13 February 2010. http://rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/hollies-new-improved-re-edited-repost.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 22. ISBN 978-0715305393. https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Mathew, Brian (1981). The Iris. http://historiciris.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/iris-florentina-florentine-iris.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 33, at Google Books
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 340, at Google Books
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 The Dispensatory of the United States of America (1865), p. 486, at Google Books
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Iris florentina". maltawildplants.com. http://www.maltawildplants.com/IRID/Iris_florentina.php. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306. 
  29. ↑ Thomas Gaskell Tuti (Editor)Flora Europaea, Volume 5, p. 89, at Google Books
  30. ↑ Tsukida, Kiyoshi; Saiki, Kayoko; Ito, Masayoshi (September 1973). "New isoflavone glycosides from Iris florentina". Phytochemistry 12 (9): 2318–2319. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(73)85153-2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256313237. Retrieved 2 October 2015. 
  31. ↑ Negi, J. S.; Bisht, V. K.; Singh, P.; Rawat, M. S. M.; Joshi, G. P. (4 April 2013). "Naturally Occurring Xanthones: Chemistry and Biology". Journal of Applied Chemistry 2013: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/621459. 
  32. ↑ Kara, Nimet; Baydar, Hasan (2014). "Scent Components In Essential Oil, Resinoids And Absolute Of Iris (Iris florentina L.)". Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29 (1): 70. doi:10.7161/anajas.2014.29.1.70. http://dergi.omu.edu.tr/omuanajas/article/view/1009002793. Retrieved 1 October 2015. 
  33. ↑ Ullaha, Farhat; Ayaza, Muhammad; Sadiqa, Abdul; Hussaina, Abid; Ahmada, Sajjad; Imrana, Muhammad; Zeba, Anwar (21 April 2015). "Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinesterase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina". Natural Product Research 30 (12): 1440–1444. doi:10.1080/14786419.2015.1057585. PMID 26166432. https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/2172440. 
  34. ↑ Twardovska, M.O.; Andreev, I.O.; Kunakh, V.A. (2014). "Karyotypes of species of the genus Iris from the flora of Ukraine". Vascular Plants: Taxonomy, Geography and Floristics 71 (5): 581–589. doi:10.15407/ukrbotj71.05.581. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jennifer HelveyIrises: Vincent Van Gogh in the Garden, p. 29, at Google Books
  36. ↑ John H. Wiersema and Blanca LeónWorld Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition, p. 370, at Google Books
  37. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 176, at Google Books
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Sand, Austin W.W. (July 1926). Cornell Memoir, 100 Study of Pogoniris Varieties. http://historiciris.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/iris-florentina-florentine-iris.html. 
  39. ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 Bob, Pries (12 December 2014). "(SPEC) Iris florentina L.". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecFlorentina. 
  40. ↑ Iridaceae Iris florentina L.. 2. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438598-1. Retrieved 2 October 2015. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Iris florentina | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?400617 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 1 October 2015 }}
  42. ↑ Iridaceae Iris officinalis Salisb.. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438928-1. Retrieved 2 October 2015. 
  43. ↑ "Iris germanica var. florentina". eol.org. http://eol.org/pages/1263356/overview. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Annals of Horticulture and Year book of Information on Practical Gardening for 1847". forgottenbooks.com. http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The_Annals_of_Horticulture_and_Year-Book_of_Information_on_Practical_1000024173/137. 
  45. ↑ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html. 
  46. ↑ William Robinson The Wild Garden: Expanded Edition, p. 267, at Google Books
  47. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, p. 553, at Google Books
  48. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  49. ↑ D. Jesse Wagstaff International Poisonous Plants Checklist: An Evidence-Based Reference, p. 207, at Google Books
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 50.7 O'Sullivan, Joanne (21 April 2011). "Consider the iris, A look at Florence's best-known symbol". theflorentine.net. http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=6830. 
  51. ↑ John Stephenson and James Morss ChurchillMedical Botany, Or, Illustrations and Descriptions of the medicinal, Volume 1 (1831), p. 217, at Google Books
  52. ↑ Patrick Bowe and Michael D. DeHart Gardens and Plants of the Getty Villa, p. 154, at Google Books
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Hogerbrugge, Liesbeth (16 August 2013). "The history of the Giglio of Florence". intoflorence.com. http://www.intoflorence.com/history-giglio-florence/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Detterer, Gabriele (14 April 2002). "As the Irises in the field". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (nzz.ch). http://www.nzz.ch/article82V83-1.385530. 
  55. ↑ "The Florentine Iris, History of a symbol". florencewithguide.com. 25 May 2015. http://www.florencewithguide.com/blog/the-florentine-iris/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Daniel V. Thompson The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting (2012), p. 171, at Google Books
  57. ↑ "Report of the 1st International Symposium on Iris – Florence". historiciris.blogspot.co.uk. 14 May 1963. http://historiciris.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/iris-florentina-florentine-iris.html. 
  58. ↑ Sir Joseph Paxton (Editor)Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants, Volume 1 , p. 83, at Google Books

Sources

  • Bailey, L. H. 1957. Manual of cultivated plants, revised ed. 271. ["of questionable application"].
  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea. [doubtedly the basionym of I. ×germanica var. florentina].

External links

Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry



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