Biology:Scrophulariaceae

From HandWiki
Short description: Figwort family of flowering plants

Figwort family
Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
Scrophularia nodosa
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Juss.
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Bontiaceae Horan.
  • Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.
  • Hebenstretiaceae Horan.
  • Limosellaceae J.Agardh
  • Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.
  • Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal
  • Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.
  • Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg.
  • Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl[1]

The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.

Taxonomy

In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.[2] Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae, but also several new families.[3][4] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae sensu lato.

Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies – Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae, and Digitalidoideae. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes – Gratioleae, Angeloniaeae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae, and Lindernieae. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes – Caprarinae, Dopatrinae, and Gratiolinae. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America – Bacopa and Mecardonia (formerly Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella, and Braunblequetia. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.

Uses

The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:

Genera

The family Scrophulariaceae in its APG IV (2016)[5] circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species.[6]

Leucophyllum frutescens
Tribe Aptosimeae[7]
Tribe Buddlejeae[8]
Tribe Hemimerideae[9]
Tribe Leucophylleae[10]
Tribe Limoselleae[12]
Tribe Myoporeae[15]
Tribe Scrophularieae[16]
Tribe Teedieae[17]
Not placed in a tribe or unknown tribe

Excluded genera

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

References

  1. ↑ "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1023. 
  2. ↑ Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. PMID 11222255. 
  4. ↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia 30: 13–22.  - on line here
  5. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385 
  6. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598. 
  7. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1611. 
  8. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2282. 
  9. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1610. 
  10. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1609. 
  11. ↑ Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (March 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x. 
  12. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2280. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kornhall, Per; Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x. 
  14. ↑ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon 54 (2): 411–425. doi:10.2307/25065369. 
  15. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2281. 
  16. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1612. 
  17. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1621. 
  18. ↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1023. 
  19. ↑ Albach, D. C.; Meudt, H. M.; Oxelman, B. (2005). "Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae". American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 297–315. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.297. PMID 21652407. 
  20. ↑ "Lindernia All.". A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628. 
  21. ↑ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon 56 (1): 7–12. doi:10.2307/25065731. 
  22. ↑ Nelson D. Young; Kim E. Steiner; Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/28632. 
  23. ↑ "GRIN genera sometimes placed in Scrophulariaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?1023. 

Further reading

  • Fischer, E. (2004). "Scrophulariaceae". in Kubitzki, K.. Flowering Plants – Dicotyledons: Lamiales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VII. Springer. pp. 333−432. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q53473 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Scrophulariaceae&oldid=3582046"