Biology:Shrike

From HandWiki
(Redirected from Biology:Laniidae)
Short description: Family of birds

Shrikes
Red-backed shrike.jpg
Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Corvoidea
Family: Laniidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Genera

Shrikes (/ʃraɪk/) are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera.

The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.[1] The common English name shrike is from Old English scrīc, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.[2]

Taxonomy

The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The type genus Lanius had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[3][4] As currently constituted the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus Eurocephalus with the two white-crowned shrikes.[5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family Corvidae than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus Eurocephalus should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:[6]

 
 
Platylophidae

Platylophus – crested jayshrike

 
Laniidae

Lanius – shrikes and fiscals (32 species)

 
 
 
(Eurocephalidae)

Eurocephalus – white-crowned shrikes (2 species)

 
Corvidae

24 genera (135 species)

 
 
 

Distribution, migration, and habitat

Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and northern shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species, such as the great grey shrike, ranging across the Northern Hemisphere; to the Newton's fiscal, which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.[7]

They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.

Description

Shrike on a Winter Tree, silk painting by Li Di (李迪). China, Song dynasty, 1187 AD

Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between 16 cm (6.3 in) and 25 cm (9.8 in) in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to 50 cm (20 in) in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.

Behaviour

A bee presumably caught and impaled by a shrike

Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns, branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. These stores serve as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.[8] The primary function of conspicuously impaling prey on thorny vegetation is however thought to be for males to display their fitness and the quality of the territory held to prospective mates.[9] The impaling behavior increases during the onset of the breeding season.[10] Female shrikes have been known to impale prey, but primarily to assist in dismembering prey.[11] This behaviour may also serve secondarily as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.[12]

Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.[13]

Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.[7] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Shrikes vocally imitate their prey to lure them for capture.[14] In 1575, this was noted by the English poet George Turberville.

She will stand at perch upon some tree or poste, and there make an exceedingly lamentable crye. . . . All to make other fowles to thinke that she is very much distressed. . . whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flocke together at her call. If any happen to approach near her, she. . . ceazeth on them, and devoureth them (ungrateful subtill fowle).[15]

Breeding

Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.[7] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.[8]

Species in taxonomic order

FAMILY: LANIIDAE[5]

Image Genus Living Species
Southern White-crowned Shrike, Eurocephalus anguitimens, gleaning ants from the early morning soil at Marakele National Park, South Africa (13952312157).jpg Eurocephalus A. Smith, 1836
Loggerhead Shrike florida RWD6.jpg Lanius Linnaeus, 1758

Birds with similar names

Other species with names including the word shrike, due to perceived similarities in morphology, are in the following families:

The helmetshrikes and bushshrikes were formerly included in Laniidae, but they are now known to be not particularly closely related to true shrikes.

The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes, although they occupy a similar ecological niche.

References

  1. ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997. 
  2. ↑ Shrike (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Shrike  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815) (in French). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palermo: Self-published. p. 67. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145. 
  4. ↑ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/shrikes/. 
  6. ↑ McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes". Ornithology 140 (3): ukad025. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". in Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  9. ↑ Golawski, A.; Mroz, E.; Golawska, S. (2020). "The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather" (in en). The European Zoological Journal 87 (1): 282–293. doi:10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208. ISSN 2475-0263. 
  10. ↑ Yosef, Reuven; Pinshow, Berry (1989). "Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success". The Auk 106 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0004-8038. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087861. 
  11. ↑ Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes". British Birds 63 (5): 185=2–5. https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V63/V63_N05/V63_N05_P185_205_A031.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. 
  13. ↑ Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMID 30185607. 
  14. ↑ Atkinson, Eric C. (1997). "Singing for Your Supper: Acoustical Luring of Avian Prey by Northern Shrikes". The Condor (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 99 (1): 203–206. doi:10.2307/1370239. ISSN 0010-5422. 
  15. ↑ "The booke of falconrie or hawking : for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie : Turberville, George, 1540?-1610?". 2023-03-25. pp. 73. https://archive.org/details/bookeoffalconrie00turb. 

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q171052 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Shrike&oldid=3599882"