Biology:Lateral body
Lateral bodies are structures that sit on the concave sides of the viral core of a poxvirus and is surrounded by a membrane.[1] They serve as immunomodulatory delivery packets, and membrane cloaking to spread poxviruses.[2] They were first visualized using electron microscopy in 1956 and shortly after, it was shown that they detach from the viral core upon membrane fusion.[3][4]
Lateral body proteins
Lateral bodies are made up of at least three proteins, phosphoprotein F17, dual-specificity phosphatase H1 and the viral oxidoreductase G4.[5] F17 is the main structural protein and may play a role in modulating cellular immune response through MAPK signaling pathways.[6] H1 dephosphorylates STAT1 to prevent nuclear transcription and block IFNy-induced immune signaling. [5] Finally, G4 is essential for viral morphogenesis.[5] Additionally, the proteins packed in lateral bodies are redox proteins, which modulates the host oxidative response impacting early gene expression and virion production. [7]
References
- ↑ Bidgood, Susanna R. (2019-01-30). "Continued poxvirus research: From foe to friend" (in en). PLOS Biology 17 (1): e3000124. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000124. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 30699104.
- ↑ Bidgood, Susanna R.; Mercer, Jason (2015-08-21). "Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses". Viruses 7 (8): 4800–4825. doi:10.3390/v7082844. ISSN 1999-4915. PMID 26308043.
- ↑ Peters, D. (1956-12-29). "Morphology of resting vaccinia virus". Nature 178 (4548): 1453–1455. doi:10.1038/1781453a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13387736.
- ↑ Dales, Samuel (1963-07-01). "The uptake and development of vaccinia virus in strain L cells followed with labeled viral deoxyribonucleic acid". The Journal of Cell Biology 18 (1): 51–72. doi:10.1083/jcb.18.1.51. ISSN 0021-9525. PMID 14024720.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Schmidt, Florian Ingo; Bleck, Christopher Karl Ernst; Reh, Lucia; Novy, Karel; Wollscheid, Bernd; Helenius, Ari; Stahlberg, Henning; Mercer, Jason (2013-08-15). "Vaccinia virus entry is followed by core activation and proteasome-mediated release of the immunomodulatory effector VH1 from lateral bodies". Cell Reports 4 (3): 464–476. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.028. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 23891003.
- ↑ Wickramasekera, Nadi T.; Traktman, Paula (July 2010). "Structure/Function Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus F18 Phosphoprotein, an Abundant Core Component Required for Virion Maturation and Infectivity". Journal of Virology 84 (13): 6846–6860. doi:10.1128/JVI.00399-10. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 20392848.
- ↑ Bidgood, Susanna; Novy, Karel; Collopy, Abigail; Albrecht, David; Krause, Melanie; Burden, Jemima; Wollscheid, Bernd; Mercer, Jason (2020). Poxviruses package viral redox proteins in lateral bodies and modulate the host oxidative respons. doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418319.
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