Biology:Limnonectes
| Limnonectes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dicroglossidae |
| Subfamily: | Dicroglossinae |
| Genus: | Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843 |
| Species | |
|
More than 74, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Taylorana Dubois, 1986 | |
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1][2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
Habitat
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[4]
Lifecycle
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[4] Parental care is performed by males.[3]
Species
- Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923) – Busuanga wart frog
- Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) – Djikoro wart frog; (Endangered)
- Limnonectes asperatus
- Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007
- Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021 – Mindoro fanged frog[7]
- Limnonectes blythii – Blyth's river frog, giant Asian river frog
- Limnonectes cintalubang (Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014)
- Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018
- Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872)
- Limnonectes dabanus
- Limnonectes dammermani – Dammerman's wart frog
- Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014
- Limnonectes diuatus – eastern Mindanao frog, Tagibo wart frog
- Limnonectes doriae – Burmese wart frog, Doria's frog, or red stream frog
- Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020
- Limnonectes ferneri
- Limnonectes finchi – Finch's wart frog
- Limnonectes fragilis
- Limnonectes fujianensis
- Limnonectes grunniens
- Limnonectes gyldenstolpei
- Limnonectes hascheanus (sometimes separated in Taylorana)
- Limnonectes heinrichi
- Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014
- Limnonectes ibanorum
- Limnonectes ingeri
- Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly, and Barley, 2012
- Limnonectes jarujini Matsui et al., 2010
- Limnonectes kadarsani
- Limnonectes kenepaiensis
- Limnonectes khammonensis
- Limnonectes khasianus
- Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2018
- Limnonectes kohchangae
- Limnonectes kong Dehling and Dehling, 2017
- Limnonectes kuhlii – Kuhl's Creek frog, large-headed frog
- Limnonectes larvaepartus
- Limnonectes lauhachindai (Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart. 2015)
- Limnonectes leporinus – giant river frog
- Limnonectes leytensis – small disked frog, swamp frog
- Limnonectes limborgi
- Limnonectes liui (Yang, 1983)
- Limnonectes longchuanensis (Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016)
- Limnonectes macrocephalus – Luzon fanged frog
- Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, stone creek frog
- Limnonectes macrognathus
- Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910) – giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog, Mindanao fanged frog
- Limnonectes malesianus – Malesian frog, peat swamp frog
- Limnonectes mawlyndipi
- Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008
- Limnonectes micrixalus
- Limnonectes microdiscus
- Limnonectes microtympanum
- Limnonectes mocquardi (Mocquard, 1890)
- Limnonectes modestus
- Limnonectes namiyei – Namiye's frog
- Limnonectes nguyenorum
- Limnonectes nitidus
- Limnonectes palavanensis
- Limnonectes paramacrodon
- Limnonectes parvus – Philippine small-disked frog
- Limnonectes plicatellus
- Limnonectes poilani
- Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu, and Nguyen, 2017
- Limnonectes rhacoda
- Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019
- Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
- Limnonectes shompenorum
- Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015
- Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley, and Iskandar, 2011
- Limnonectes taylori Matsui et al., 2010
- Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927)
- Limnonectes tweediei
- Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014
- Limnonectes visayanus – giant Visayan frog
- Limnonectes woodworthi – Woodworth's frog
Phylogeny
Pyron & Wiens (2011)
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[8] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.[8]
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Aowphol, et al. (2015)
The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).[9] 20 species are included.
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McLeod, et al. (2015)
Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).[10] Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang[11] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.
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References
- ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Limnonectes.
- ↑ Stuart, Bryan L.; Schoen, Sara N.; Nelson, Emma E.M.; Maher, Heather; Neang, Thy; Rowley, Jodi J.L.; Mcleod, David S. (2020-12-10). "A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia". Zootaxa 4894 (3): 451–473. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33311078. https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4894.3.11.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McLeod, D.S.; S.J. Horner; C. Husted; A. Barley; D.T. Iskandar (2011). "Same-same, but different: An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae)". Zootaxa 2883: 52–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4. http://pertanian.sith.itb.ac.id/profile/djoko/McLeod-et-al2011.pdf.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014). "A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles". PLOS ONE 9 (12): e115884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884. PMID 25551466. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9k5884I.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ming, Leong Tzi (2004). "Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura)". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (2): 609–620. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/52/52rbz609-620.pdf.
- ↑ Rowley, J. J. L.; Altig, R. (2012). "Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia 33: 145–149. doi:10.1163/156853812X626179.
- ↑ Freaky Fanged Frog Discovered in the Philippines. On: SciTechDaily; August 21, 2021
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
- ↑ Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9
- ↑ McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, p. 201–214.
- ↑ Matsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C
Wikidata ☰ Q2288011 entry
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