Biology:List of Sphenisciformes by population

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Template:Birds by population sidebar This is a list of Sphenisciformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by experts in their fields.

Sphenisciformes (from the Latin for "wedge-shaped") is the taxonomic order to which penguins belong. The IOC World Bird List recognizes 19 species of Sphenisciformes.[1] BirdLife International has assessed 18 species (95% of total species), all of which have had their population estimated. This list follows IUCN classifications for species names and taxonomy. Where IUCN classifications differ from other ornithological authorities, alternative names and taxonomies are noted.

A variety of methods are used for counting penguins, including the first census from space in April 2012, when imagery from Ikonos, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-2 satellites were used to count emperor penguins in Antarctica.[2] Most maritime surveys use strip transect and distance sampling to measure penguin species density; this is then extrapolated over the animal's range.[3] The Galapagos penguin has been counted annually since 1961 by the Galápagos National Park Service.[4] For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

Extinct species from this order include the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct between 1300–1500 (soon after the Polynesian arrival to New Zealand)[5], and the Chatham penguin, which is only known through subfossils; however, an extant individual may have been kept in captivity by researchers sometime between 1867 and 1872.[6]

Species by global population

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Galapagos penguin Spheniscus mendiculus 1,200[7] Template:IUCN-EN[7] Decrease[7] 175px
Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes 2,600-3,000[8] Template:IUCN-EN[8] Decrease[8] 175px
Fiordland penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 12,500-50,000[9] Template:IUCN-VU[9] Decrease[9] 175px
African penguin Spheniscus demersus 19,800[10] Template:IUCN-CR[10] Decrease[10] Number of total adult birds is estimated to be 31,680.[10] 175px
Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti 23,800[11] Template:IUCN-VU[11] Decrease[11] Values is considered the maximum estimate for breeding population.[11] 175px
Snares penguin Eudyptes robustus 63,000[12] Template:IUCN-VU[12] Steady[12] 175px
Erect-crested penguin Eudyptes sclateri 150,000[13] Template:IUCN-EN[13] Decrease[13] Population breeds in two locations: the Bounty Islands (26,000 pairs), & the Antipodes Islands (34,226 pairs).[13] 175px
Northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi 413,700[14] Template:IUCN-EN[14] Decrease[14] 175px
Little penguin Eudyptula minor 469,760[15] Template:IUCN-LC[15] Steady[15] 175px
Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri 513,000[16] Template:IUCN-NT[16] Steady[16] Estimate based on an approximate 256,500 breeding pairs counted from satellite images.[16] 175px
Gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua 774,000[17] Template:IUCN-LC[17] Decrease[17] 175px
Royal penguin Eudyptes schlegeli 1,340,000-1,660,000[18] Template:IUCN-LC[18] ?[18] Best estimate for mature individuals is 1.5 million individuals. 175px
King penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 2,168,640-2,456,640[19] Template:IUCN-LC[19] Increase[19] Values are an estimate for mature individuals; IUCN reports an estimated "1.1 million annual breeding pairs (range 1,084,320-1,228,320)."[19] 175px
Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus 2,200,000-3,200,000[20] Template:IUCN-LC[20] Decrease[20] 175px
Southern rockhopper penguin

(Western rockhopper penguin)

Eudyptes chrysocome 2,500,000[21] Template:IUCN-VU[21] Decrease[21] IOC taxonomic guidance splits Eastern rockhopper penguin into its own species from this species.[1]

IUCN/BirdLife International currently retain both species within E. chrysocome.[22]

175px
Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarcticus 8,000,000[23] Template:IUCN-LC[23] Decrease[23] 175px
Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae 10,000,000[24] Template:IUCN-LC[24] Increase[24] 175px
Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus 12,600,000[25] Template:IUCN-VU[25] Decrease[25] Population is estimated at 6.3 million breeding pairs; main population centres at Isles Crozet (2.2 million pairs, with 1 million on Île des Pingouins), Heard Island (1 million pairs), Kerguelen (1.8 million pairs), & South Georgia (1 million pairs).[25] 175px


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/. 
  2. ↑ Dell'Amore, Christine (13 April 2012). "Emperor Penguins Counted From Space—A First". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120413-emperor-penguins-survey-antarctica-animals-space-science/. 
  3. ↑ Southwell, C.; Low, M. (2009). "Black and white or shades of grey? Detectability of Adélie penguins during shipboard surveys in the Antarctic pack-ice". Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 136–143. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01584.x. 
  4. ↑ "Annual Galapagos Penguin and Cormorant Census". GNP News (Proceso de Relaciones Públicas – Parque Nacional Galápagos – Ecuador). 2012. http://www.galapagos.org/newsroom/gnp-news-annual-galapagos-penguin-and-cormorant-census/. 
  5. ↑ Fox, Rebecca (2008-11-20). "Ancient species of penguin found in DNA of bones". Otago Daily Times. http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/32502/ancient-species-penguin-found-dna-bones. 
  6. ↑ Tennyson, A.J.D.; Millener, P.R. (1994). "Bird extinctions and fossil bones from Mangere Island, Chatham Islands". Notornis 41: 165-178. https://ref.coastalrestorationtrust.org.nz/documents/bird-extinctions-and-fossil-bones-from-mangere-island-chatham-islands/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus mendiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697825/182729677. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Megadyptes antipodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697800A182703046.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697800/182703046. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes pachyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697776A182279725.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697776/182279725. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 BirdLife International (2024). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22697810A256021744.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697810/256021744. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697817/182714418. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 BirdLife International (2018). "Eudyptes robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697782A132602343.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697782/132602343. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697789A131879000.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697789/131879000. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes moseleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22734408/184698049. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 BirdLife International (2021). "Eudyptula minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697805/202126091. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697752/157658053. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis papua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697755/157664581. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 BirdLife International (2022). "Eudyptes schlegeli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22697797A210894343.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697797/210894343. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes patagonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697748/184637776. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus magellanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697822A157428850.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697822/157428850. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysocome". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735250/182762377. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  22. ↑ Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Digital Checklist of the Birds of the World: Version 10. BirdLife International. 2025. https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy#birdlife-s-taxonomic-checklist. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697761/184807209. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis adeliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697758/157660553. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697793/184720991. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 

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