Biology:List of echimyids

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Short description: Species in mammal family Echimyidae

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two brown nutrias
Nutrias (Myocastor coypus)

Echimyidae is a family of mammals in the order Rodentia and part of the Caviomorpha parvorder. Members of this family are called echimyids or Neotropical spiny rats, and include spiny rats, tree-rats, and cave rats. They are found in South America and Central America, though the nutria has been introduced to the United States, Europe, and Japan. They live primarily in forests, savannas, and grasslands, though some species can be found in shrublands, wetlands, and rocky areas. They range in size from the Sao Lourenço punaré, at 12 cm (5 in) plus a 13 cm (5 in) tail, to the nutria, at 57 cm (22 in) plus a 40 cm (16 in) tail. Echimyids primarily eat a wide variety of vegetation, though some species also eat insects. Almost no echimyids have population estimates, but six species—the painted tree-rat, giant Atlantic tree-rat, Lund's Atlantic tree-rat, orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat, Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat, and Yonenaga's Atlantic spiny rat—are categorized as an endangered species, and three—the Mantiqueira Atlantic tree-rat, short-furred Atlantic tree-rat, and red-crested tree-rat—are categorized as critically endangered, while six species of Caribbean cave rat, comprising the three genera of the subfamily Heteropsomyinae, were driven to extinction since 1500 due to the European colonization of the Americas and introduction of non-native rats, with some species surviving until the 1900s.[1]

The 88 extant species of Echimyidae are divided into three subfamilies: Caterodontinae, containing a single species; Echimyinae, containing 75 species in 18 genera, and Euryzygomatomyinae, containing 12 species in 3 genera. The family Capromyidae, or the hutias, has been proposed to be merged into Echimyidae as the subfamily Capromyinae, but the proposal is not yet universally accepted.[2] A few extinct prehistoric echimyid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries, the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[3]

Conventions

Template:IUCN statuses

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the echimyid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species, subspecies, or genera listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol: "†".

Classification

South America and Central America
Echimyidae distribution

Echimyidae is a family consisting of 88 extant species in 22 genera. These species are divided into three subfamilies: Caterodontinae, containing a single species; Echimyinae, containing 75 species in 18 genera, and Euryzygomatomyinae, containing 12 species in 3 genera. Additionally, the subfamily Heteropsomyinae, containing 6 species in 3 genera, was driven extinct during the modern era due to the European colonization of the Americas, with some species surviving until the 1900s.

Echimyidae[4]
 
 
Caterodontinae  

Carterodon

 
Euryzygomatomyinae  
 

Trinomys

 
 
 

Clyomys

 
 

Euryzygomatomys

 
 
 
 
 
 
Echimyinae  
 
 

Thrichomys

 
 
 

Myocastor

 
 
 

Callistomys

 
 
 

Hoplomys

 
 

Proechimys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Isothrix

 
 
 

Lonchothrix

 
 

Mesomys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diplomys

 
 

Santamartamys

 
 
 
 

Olallamys

 
 
 

Dactylomys

 
 

Kannabateomys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Pattonomys

 
 

Toromys

 
 
 
 

Makalata

 
 
 

Echimys

 
 

Phyllomys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Echimyids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[5]

Subfamily Carterodontinae

Genus Carterodon – Waterhouse, 1848 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Owl's spiny rat


C. sulcidens
(Lund, 1841) 		Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 13–25 cm (5–10 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[7]

Diet: Vegetation[8] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[7]

Subfamily Echimyinae

Main article: Biology:Echimyinae
Genus Callistomys – Emmons & Vucetich, 1998 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Painted tree-rat

Gray and white spiny rat

C. pictus
(Pictet, 1841) 		Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 27–32 cm (11–13 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[10]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Genus Dactylomys – Geoffroy, 1838 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazon bamboo rat

Drawing of gray spiny rat

D. dactylinus
(Desmarest, 1817)

Three subspecies
  • D. d. canescens
  • D. d. dactylinus
  • D. d. modestus
Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: About 31 cm (12 in) long, plus about 39 cm (15 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[13]

Diet: Bamboo and other plants[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[13]

Bolivian bamboo rat


D. boliviensis
Anthony, 1920 		Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 27–29 cm (11 in) long, plus about 41 cm (16 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[15]

Diet: Bamboo and other plants[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Montane bamboo rat


D. peruanus
Allen, 1900 		Bolivia and Peru
Map of range 		Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[16]

Diet: Bamboo and other plants[14] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[16]

Genus Diplomys – Thomas, 1916 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Colombian soft-furred spiny rat

Drawing of brown spiny rat

D. caniceps
(Günther, 1877) 		Northern Colombia (in green)
Map of range 		Size: 21–39 cm (8–15 in) long, plus 17–27 cm (7–11 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Seeds and fruit[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[17]

Rufous soft-furred spiny rat

Drawing of gray spiny rat

D. labilis
(Bangs, 1901) 		Northwestern South America and Panama (in red)
Map of range 		Size: About 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Seeds and fruit[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[18]

Genus Echimys – F. Cuvier, 1809 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dark spiny tree-rat


E. saturnus
Thomas, 1928 		Ecuador and Peru (in green)
Map of range 		Size: 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[19]

Vieira's tree-rat


E. vieirai
Iack-Ximenes, Vivo, & Percequillo, 2005 		Northern Brazil (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus about 34 cm (13 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[20]

White-faced spiny tree-rat

Brown and white spiny rat

E. chrysurus
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 24–33 cm (9–13 in) long, plus 25–39 cm (10–15 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[21]

Genus Hoplomys – J. A. Allen, 1908 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Armored rat

Brown spiny rat

H. gymnurus
(Thomas, 1897) 		Central America and northwestern South America
Map of range 		Size: 21–32 cm (8–13 in) long, plus 11–24 cm (4–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation, as well as insects[23] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[22]

Genus Isothrix – Wagner, 1845 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Barbara Brown's brush-tailed rat


I. barbarabrownae
Patterson & Velazco, 2006 		Southern Peru (in brown, in box)
Map of range 		Size: Unknown[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[25]

Orinoco brush-tailed rat


I. orinoci
Thomas, 1899 		Northern South America (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 21–26 cm (8–10 in) long, plus 16–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Plain brush-tailed rat


I. pagurus
Wagner, 1845 		Northern Brazil (in green)
Map of range 		Size: 17–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[28]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[28]

Rio Negro brush-tailed rat


I. negrensis
Thomas, 1920 		Northwestern Brazil (in orange)
Map of range 		Size: 20–29 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 18–27 cm (7–11 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[29]

Sinnamary brush-tailed rat


I. sinnamariensis
Vié, Volobouev, Patton, & Granjon, 1996 		Northern South America (in purple)
Map of range 		Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus about 26 cm (10 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[30]

Yellow-crowned brush-tailed rat

Brown spiny rat

I. bistriata
Wagner, 1845 		Western South America (in red)
Map of range 		Size: 21–27 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 21–27 cm (8–11 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[31]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[31]

Genus Kannabateomys – Jentink, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Atlantic bamboo rat

Brown and white spiny rat

K. amblyonyx
Wagner, 1845

Two subspecies
  • K. a. amblyonyx
  • K. a. pallidior
Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 23–35 cm (9–14 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[32]

Diet: Bamboo[33] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[32]

Genus Lonchothrix – Thomas, 1920 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tuft-tailed spiny tree-rat


L. emiliae
Thomas, 1920 		Northern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 15–22 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[34]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[34]

Genus Makalata – Husson, 1978 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Brazilian spiny tree-rat

Brown spiny rat

M. didelphoides
(Desmarest, 1817) 		Northern South America (in red)
Map of range 		Size: 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit and seeds[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[35]

Dusky spiny tree-rat


M. obscura
(Wagner, 1840) 		Brazil Size: Unknown[12]

Habitat: Unknown[36]

Diet: Fruit and seeds[14] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[36]

Long-tailed armored tree-rat


M. macrura
(Wagner, 1842) 		Northwestern South America (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 21–28 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 17–24 cm (7–9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit and seeds[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[37]

Genus Mesomys – Wagner, 1845 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Ferreira's spiny tree-rat

Brown spiny rat

M. hispidus
(Desmarest, 1817) 		Northern South America (in red)
Map of range 		Size: 17–19 cm (7 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[38]

Pará spiny tree-rat


M. stimulax
Thomas, 1911 		Northern Brazil (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[39]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[39]

Tufted-tailed spiny tree-rat


M. occultus
Patton, Silva, & Malcolm, 2000 		Northwestern Brazil (in green)
Map of range 		Size: About 17 cm (7 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[40]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[40]

Woolly-headed spiny tree-rat


M. leniceps
Thomas & St. Leger, 1926 		Western Peru (in yellow, in box)
Map of range 		Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus about 21 cm (8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Vegetation[26] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[41]

Genus Myocastor – Kerr, 1792 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Nutria

Brown nutria in water

M. coypus
(Molina, 1782) 		Southern South America, and introduced in United States, Europe, and Japan
Map of range 		Size: 47–57 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 34–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Inland wetlands[42]

Diet: Roots and aquatic plants[43] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[42]

Genus Olallamys – Emmons, 1988 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greedy olalla rat


O. edax
(Thomas, 1916) 		Western Venezuela (in green)
Map of range 		Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 34 cm (13 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[44]

Diet: Vegetation[33] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[44]

White-tailed olalla rat

Drawing of brown and white spiny rat

O. albicauda
(Günther, 1879) 		Colombia (in red)
Map of range 		Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 25–26 cm (10 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Vegetation[33] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[45]

Genus Pattonomys – Emmons, 2005 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bare-tailed armored tree-rat


P. occasius
(Thomas, 1921) 		Ecuador (in green)
Map of range 		Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 22 cm (9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[46]

Carriker's speckled tree-rat


P. carrikeri
(J. A. Allen, 1911) 		Northern Venezuela (in red)
Map of range 		Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 22 cm (9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[47]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[47]

Orinocoan speckled tree-rat


P. punctatus
Thomas, 1899 		Venezuela Size: About 27 cm (11 in) long, plus about 23 cm (9 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[48]

Speckled spiny tree-rat


P. semivillosus
(Geoffroy, 1838) 		Colombia (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 20–27 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 21–26 cm (8–10 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[49]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[49]

Yellow speckled tree-rat


P. flavidus
Hollister, 1914 		Northern Venezuela (in purple)
Map of range 		Size: About 25 cm (10 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[50]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[50]

Genus Phyllomys – Lund, 1839 – thirteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black-spined Atlantic tree-rat


P. nigrispinus
(Wagner, 1842) 		Southern Brazil Size: 19–26 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 19–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[52]

Drab Atlantic tree-rat


P. dasythrix
Hensel, 1872 		Southern Brazil Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 20–22 cm (8–9 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[53]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[53]

Giant Atlantic tree-rat

Brown spiny rat

P. thomasi
(H. von Ihering, 1897) 		Southern Brazil Size: 27–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 27–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[54]

Golden Atlantic tree-rat


P. blainvillii
(Jourdan, 1837) 		Eastern Brazil Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 19–27 cm (7–11 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[55]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[55]

Kerr's Atlantic tree-rat


P. kerri
(Oliveira, 1950) 		Southern Brazil Size: 19–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 20–22 cm (8–9 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[56]

Long-furred Atlantic tree-rat


P. medius
(Thomas, 1909) 		Southern Brazil Size: 22–23 cm (9 in) long, plus 22–26 cm (9–10 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[57]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[57]

Lund's Atlantic tree-rat


P. lundi
Leite, 2003 		Southern Brazil Size: 18–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus about 20 cm (8 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Mantiqueira Atlantic tree-rat


P. mantiqueirensis
Leite, 2003 		Southern Brazil Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 22 cm (9 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[59]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[59]

Orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat


P. brasiliensis
Lund, 1840 		Southern Brazil Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[60]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[60]

Pallid Atlantic tree-rat


P. lamarum
(Thomas, 1916) 		Eastern Brazil Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[61]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[61]

Rusty-sided Atlantic tree-rat


P. pattoni
Emmons, Leite, Kock, Costa, 2002 		Eastern Brazil Size: 21–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 19–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[62]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[62]

Short-furred Atlantic tree-rat


P. unicolor
(Wagner, 1842) 		Eastern Brazil Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 20 cm (8 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[63]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[63]

Southern Atlantic tree-rat


P. sulinus
Leite, Christoff, & Fagundes, 2008 		Southern Brazil Size: 20–21 cm (8 in) long, plus 16–25 cm (6–10 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest[64]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[64]

Genus Proechimys – Allen, 1899 – 22 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Boyacá spiny rat


P. chrysaeolus
(Thomas, 1898) 		Colombia Size: 21–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 14–16 cm (6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[65]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[65]

Colombian spiny rat


P. canicollis
(Allen, 1899) 		Colombia and Venezuela Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[67]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[67]

Cuvier's spiny rat


P. cuvieri
Petter, 1978 		Northern South America Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[68]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[68]

Gardner's spiny rat


P. gardneri
Silva, 1998 		Bolivia and western Brazil Size: 15–21 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[69]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[69]

Goeldi's spiny rat


P. goeldii
Thomas, 1905 		Central Brazil Size: 18–27 cm (7–11 in) long, plus 10–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[70]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[70]

Guaira spiny rat


P. guairae
Thomas, 1901 		Colombia and Venezuela Size: 21–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 17–20 cm (7–8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[71]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[71]

Guyanan spiny-rat


P. hoplomyoides
Tate, 1939 		Northern South America Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus about 15 cm (6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[72]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[72]

Guyenne spiny rat

Drawing of brown and white spiny rat

P. guyannensis
(Geoffroy, 1803)

Six subspecies
  • P. g. arabupu
  • P. g. arescens
  • P. g. cherriei
  • P. g. guyannensis
  • P. g. riparum
  • P. g. vacillator
Northern South America Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–19 cm (4–7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[73]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[73]

Kulina spiny rat


P. kulinae
Silva, 1998 		Peru and western Brazil Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[74]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[74]

Long-tailed spiny rat

Brown spiny rat

P. longicaudatus
(Rengger, 1830) 		Central South America Size: 22–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[75]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[75]

Minca spiny rat


P. mincae
(Allen, 1899) 		Northern Colombia Size: 22–23 cm (9 in) long, plus 20–21 cm (8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[76]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[76]

Napo spiny rat


P. quadruplicatus
Hershkovitz, 1948 		Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 21–29 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[77]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[77]

O'Connell's spiny rat


P. oconnelli
Allen, 1913 		Colombia Size: About 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[78]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[78]

Pacific spiny rat


P. decumanus
(Thomas, 1899) 		Ecuador and Peru Size: 26–30 cm (10–12 in) long, plus about 20 cm (8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[79]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[79]

Patton's spiny rat


P. pattoni
Silva, 1998 		Peru and western Brazil Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[80]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[80]

Robert's spiny rat


P. roberti
Thomas, 1901 		Central Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 20–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus about 16 cm (6 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[81]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[81]

Short-tailed spiny rat


P. brevicauda
(Günther, 1877) 		Western South America Size: 18–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[82]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[82]

Simons's spiny rat


P. simonsi
Thomas, 1900 		Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 16–27 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 11–23 cm (4–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[83]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[83]

Steere's spiny rat


P. steerei
Goldman, 1911 		Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 21–29 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[84]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[84]

Stiff-spine spiny rat


P. echinothrix
Silva, 1998 		Western Brazil Size: 14–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 10–21 cm (4–8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[85]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[85]

Tome's spiny rat

Brown and white spiny rat

P. semispinosus
(Tomes, 1860)

Central America and northwestern South America
Map of range 		Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, plus about 24 cm (9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[86]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[86]

Trinidad spiny rat


P. trinitatus
(Allen & Chapman, 1893) 		Northern Venezuela
Map of range 		Size: 26–27 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 20–21 cm (8–8 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[87]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[87]

Genus Santamartamys – Emmons, 2005 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Red-crested tree-rat

Red, brown, and white spiny rat

S. rufodorsalis
(Allen, 1899) 		Northern Colombia
Map of range 		Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus about 27 cm (11 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[88]

Diet: Seeds and fruit[11] 		 CR 


1–50 Unknown[88]

Genus Thrichomys – Trouessart, 1880 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Common punaré

Gray spiny rat

T. apereoides
(Lund, 1839) 		Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 19–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 16–18 cm (6–7 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[89]

Diet: Seeds, fruit, cacti, and insects[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[89]

Highlands punaré


T. inermis
Pictet, 1841 		Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas[90]

Diet: Seeds, fruit, cacti, and insects[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[90]

Paraguayan punaré


T. pachyurus
(Wagner, 1845) 		Southern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: Unknown[9]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[91]

Diet: Seeds, fruit, cacti, and insects[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[91]

Sao Lourenço punaré

Brown and white spiny rat

T. laurentius
Thomas, 1904 		Eastern Brazil (in green/yellow)
Map of range 		Size: 12–24 cm (5–9 in) long, plus 13–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[92]

Diet: Seeds, fruit, cacti, and insects[8] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[92]

Genus Toromys – Iack-Ximenes, Vivo, & Percequillo, 2005 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant tree-rat


T. grandis
(Wagner, 1845) 		Northern Brazil (in red)
Map of range 		Size: About 30 cm (12 in) long, plus about 28 cm (11 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[93]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[93]

Peruvian toro


T. rhipidura
(Thomas, 1928) 		Peru (in green)
Map of range 		Size: 21–26 cm (8–10 in) long, plus 18–21 cm (7–8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[94]

Diet: Vegetation[11] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[94]

Subfamily Euryzygomatomyinae

Main article: Biology:Euryzygomatomyinae
Genus Clyomys – Thomas, 1916 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Broad-headed spiny rat


C. laticeps
Thomas, 1909 		Paraguay and southern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 15–29 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 4–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Savanna[95]

Diet: Vegetation[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[95]

Genus Euryzygomatomys – Goeldi, 1901 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Fischer's guiara

Drawing of brown spiny rat

E. spinosus
(G. von Waldheim, 1814) 		Southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
Map of range 		Size: 16–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[96]

Diet: Vegetation[23] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[96]

Genus Trinomys – Thomas, 1921 – ten species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dark-caped Atlantic spiny rat


T. mirapitanga
Lara, Patton, & Hingst-Zaher, 2002 		Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 18–20 cm (7–8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[97]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[97]

Elias's Atlantic spiny rat


T. eliasi
Pessoa & dos Reis, 1993 		Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 17–24 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 15–22 cm (6–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[98]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[98]

Gracile Atlantic spiny rat


T. gratiosus
(Oliveira, 1948)

Two subspecies
  • T. g. bonafidei
  • T. g. gratiosus
Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 16–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 15–22 cm (6–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[99]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[99]

Hairy Atlantic spiny rat


T. setosus
(Desmarest, 1817)

Three subspecies
  • T. s. denigratus
  • T. s. elegans
  • T. s. setosus
Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 16–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[100]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[100]

Ihering's Atlantic spiny rat


T. iheringi
(Thomas, 1911) 		Eastern Brazil Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[101]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[101]

Moojen's Atlantic spiny rat


T. moojeni
Pessôa, Oliveira, & Reis, 1992 		Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[102]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[102]

Soft-spined Atlantic spiny rat


T. dimidiatus
(Günther, 1877) 		Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 17–24 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 15–22 cm (6–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Shrubland[103]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[103]

Spiked Atlantic spiny rat


T. paratus
Oliveira, 1948 		Southeastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 18–27 cm (7–11 in) long, plus 17–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[104]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[104]

White-spined Atlantic spiny rat


T. albispinus
(Geoffroy, 1838)

Three subspecies
  • T. a. albispinus
  • T. a. minor
  • T. a. serotinus
Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[105]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[105]

Yonenaga's Atlantic spiny rat


T. yonenagae
(Rocha, 1995) 		Eastern Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 16–22 cm (6–9 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Savanna[106]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation[66] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[106]

Subfamily Heteropsomyinae

Genus BoromysTemplate:Narrow no-break space† – Miller, 1916 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Oriente cave ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†

Drawing of spiny rat bone

B. offella
Miller, 1916 		Cuba Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown[108]

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[108]

Torre's cave ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†

Drawing of spiny rat skulls

B. torrei
Allen, 1917 		Cuba Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown[109]

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[109]

Genus BrotomysTemplate:Narrow no-break space† – Miller, 1916 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Haitian edible ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†


B. contractus
Miller, 1916 		Haiti Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady

Hispaniolan edible ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†


B. voratus
Miller, 1916 		Dominican Republic Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown[110]

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[110]

Genus HeteropsomysTemplate:Narrow no-break space† – Anthony, 1916 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Antillean cave ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†


H. antillensis
Anthony, 1916 		Puerto Rico Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady

Insular cave ratTemplate:Narrow no-break space†


H. insulans
Anthony, 1916 		Puerto Rico Size: Unknown[107]

Habitat: Unknown[111]

Diet: Unknown[1] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[111]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Nowak, pp. 1702–1703
  2. ↑ Fabre, P.-H.; Upham, N. S.; Emmons, L. H.; Justy, F.; Leite, Y. L. R.; Loss, A. C.; Orlando, L.; Tilak, M.-K. et al. (2017). "Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats". Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (3): 613–633. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw261. PMID 28025278. 
  3. ↑ "Family Echimyidae Gray 1825 (spiny rat)". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42051. 
  4. ↑ Upham; Patterson, ch. 2. Evolution of the Caviomorph Rodents: A Complete Phylogeny and Timetree of Living Genera
  5. ↑ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 1575–1592
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 367
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lacher, T. (2016). "Carterodon sulcidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3921A14895982.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3921/14895982. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Nowak, pp. 1692–1693
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 368–369
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2019). "Callistomys pictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6985A160756610.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6985/160756610. 
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 Nowak, pp. 1696–1697
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 372–373
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Patton, J.; Marinho, F. (2016). "Dactylomys dactylinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6221A22209690.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6221/22209690. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Nowak, p. 1698
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Vivar, E. (2016). "Dactylomys boliviensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6220A22209766.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6220/22209766. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Dactylomys peruanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6222A22209615.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6222/22209615. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Delgado, C. (2016). "Diplomys caniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6662A22205429.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6662/22205429. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Delgado, C.; Emmons, L. (2016). "Diplomys labilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6663A22205343.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6663/22205343. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Solari, S. (2016). "Echimys saturnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6987A22207155.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6987/22207155. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Percequillo, A.; Patton, J. (2016). "Echimys vieirai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136652A22207249.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136652/22207249. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J. (2016). "Echimys chrysurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6979A22207079.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6979/22207079. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Anderson, R. P.; Emmons, L. (2016). "Hoplomys gymnurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10259A22206995.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10259/22206995. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nowak, p. 1690
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 370–371
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Patterson, B.; Lacher, T. (2016). "Isothrix barbarabrownae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14914835A22211438.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14914835/22211438. 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 Nowak, pp. 1694–1695
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Isothrix orinoci". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386307A90386310.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386307/90386310. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Bonvicino, C. R. (2016). "Isothrix pagurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10879A22211291.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10879/22211291. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Patton, J. (2016). "Isothrix negrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136751A22211518.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136751/22211518. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J. (2016). "Isothrix sinnamariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41786A22211171.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41786/22211171. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Patton, J. (2016). "Isothrix bistriata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386297A22211362.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386297/22211362. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J.; Percequillo, A.; Weksler, M. (2016). "Kannabateomys amblyonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10957A22205666.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10957/22205666. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Nowak, pp. 1700–1701
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Patton, J.; Weksler, M. (2016). "Lonchothrix emiliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12274A22205252.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12274/22205252. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Patton, J.; Weksler, M.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "Makalata didelphoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13233A22206738.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13233/22206738. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Patton, J.; Catzeflis, F.; Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Makalata obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13236A22206833.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13236/22206833. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Patton, J.; Catzeflis, F.; Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Makalata macrura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6983A22206578.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6983/22206578. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J.; Percequillo, A.; Weksler, M. (2016). "Mesomys hispidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13234A22212863.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13234/22212863. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "Mesomys stimulax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13237A22213072.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13237/22213072. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Mesomys occultus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136284A22212805.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136284/22212805. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Vivar, E.; Patterson, B. (2016). "Mesomys leniceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13235A22212969.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13235/22212969. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Ojeda, R.; Bidau, C.; Emmons, L. (2016). "Myocastor coypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. 
  43. ↑ Nowak, p. 1713
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Olallamys edax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15190A22206486.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15190/22206486. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Delgado, C. (2016). "Olallamys albicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15189A22206388.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15189/22206388. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Vivar, E.; Patterson, B. (2016). "Pattonomys occasius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39314A22212546.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39314/22212546. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Pattonomys carrikeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386442A90386445.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386442/90386445. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Roach, N. (2016). "Pattonomys punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386776A90386779.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386776/90386779. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Aguilera, M. (2016). "Pattonomys semivillosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386452A22212633.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386452/22212633. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Pattonomys flavidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386462A90386465.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386462/90386465. 
  51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 374
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys nigrispinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6984A22210294.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6984/22210294. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C.; Christoff, A. (2016). "Phyllomys dasythrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6980A22210109.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6980/22210109. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6989A22210762.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6989/22210762. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys blainvillii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6977A22209935.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6977/22209935. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys kerri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136682A22210378.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136682/22210378. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys medius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136704A22210024.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136704/22210024. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys lundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136400A22210553.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136400/22210553. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Loss, C.; Leite, Y. (2016). "Phyllomys mantiqueirensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136274A22210858.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136274/22210858. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Loss, C.; Leite, Y. (2016). "Phyllomys brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6978A22209830.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6978/22209830. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Leite, Y.; Loss, C. (2016). "Phyllomys lamarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6982A22210201.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6982/22210201. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Loss, C.; Leite, Y. (2016). "Phyllomys pattoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136801A22210466.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136801/22210466. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Loss, C.; Leite, Y. (2016). "Phyllomys unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6990A22210643.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6990/22210643. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Phyllomys sulinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T47792718A47792815.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/47792718/47792815. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Weksler, M. (2016). "Proechimys chrysaeolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18278A22209011.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18278/22209011. 
  66. ↑ 66.00 66.01 66.02 66.03 66.04 66.05 66.06 66.07 66.08 66.09 66.10 66.11 66.12 66.13 66.14 66.15 66.16 66.17 66.18 66.19 66.20 66.21 66.22 66.23 66.24 66.25 66.26 66.27 66.28 66.29 66.30 66.31 Nowak, p. 1689
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys canicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18276A22208582.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18276/22208582. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J. (2016). "Proechimys cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18279A22208920.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18279/22208920. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Patton, J. L.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys gardneri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29466A22208352.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29466/22208352. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Patton, J. (2016). "Proechimys goeldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18282A22209354.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18282/22209354. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys guairae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18284A22209221.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18284/22209221. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Patton, J.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "Proechimys hoplomyoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18287A22209472.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18287/22209472. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J. (2016). "Proechimys guyannensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18277A22209103.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18277/22209103. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys kulinae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29464A22207750.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29464/22207750. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Patton, J.; Bernal, N.; Patterson, B. (2016). "Proechimys longicaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18289A22207395.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18289/22207395. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Weksler, M. (2016). "Proechimys mincae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18291A22207336.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18291/22207336. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys quadruplicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18296A22207674.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18296/22207674. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys oconnelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18293A22207828.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18293/22207828. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys decumanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18280A22208822.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18280/22208822. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys pattoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29465A22208196.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29465/22208196. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Weksler, M. (2016). "Proechimys roberti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18294A22207886.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18294/22207886. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys brevicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18275A22208647.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18275/22208647. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys simonsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18299A22208022.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18299/22208022. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys steerei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18300A22208111.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18300/22208111. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Patton, J.; Percequillo, A. (2016). "Proechimys echinothrix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T29463A22207611.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29463/22207611. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Proechimys semispinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18297A22208264.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18297/22208264. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Emmons, L. (2016). "Proechimys trinitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18301A22208438.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18301/22208438. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Lacher, T.; Roach, N. (2017). "Santamartamys rufodorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6664A22210948.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6664/22210948. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Thrichomys apereoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21839A22206242.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21839/22206242. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Thrichomys inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136355A22206143.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136355/22206143. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Lacher, T. (2016). "Thrichomys pachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136245A22206322.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136245/22206322. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Roach, N. (2016). "Thrichomys laurentius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386381A90386384.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386381/90386384. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Cassola, F. (2016). "Toromys grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6981A22212728.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6981/22212728. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Vivar, E.; Patterson, B. (2016). "Toromys rhipidurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T90386329A22206649.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/90386329/22206649. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Marinho-Filho, J. (2016). "Clyomys laticeps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4989A22205489.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4989/22205489. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J.; Percequillo, A.; Weksler, M. (2016). "Euryzygomatomys spinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8418A22205855.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8418/22205855. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Moura, R.; Patterson, B. (2016). "Trinomys mirapitanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136305A22211934.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136305/22211934. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Trinomys eliasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136407A22211833.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136407/22211833. 
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Patterson, B. (2016). "Trinomys gratiosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136221A22212027.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136221/22212027. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Bonvicino, C. R.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "Trinomys setosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18298A22212292.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18298/22212292. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Patterson, B. (2016). "Trinomys iheringi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18288A22212466.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18288/22212466. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Trinomys moojeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136543A22211597.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136543/22211597. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Bonvicino, C. R.; Catzeflis, F. (2016). "Trinomys dimidiatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18281A22212372.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18281/22212372. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Patterson, B. (2016). "Trinomys paratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136492A22212105.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136492/22212105. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Bonvicino, C. R.; Catzeflis, F.; Patton, J. L.; Percequillo, A.; Weksler, M. (2016). "Trinomys albispinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18272A22211739.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18272/22211739. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Roach, N.; Naylor, L. (2016). "Trinomys yonenagae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136414A22212204.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136414/22212204. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.5 Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 706
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Boromys offella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2885A22206052.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2885/22206052. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Boromys torrei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2886A22206099.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2886/22206099. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Brotomys voratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3121A22205792.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3121/22205792. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Heteropsomys insulans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10025A22205961.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10025/22205961. 

Sources

  • All the Mammals of the World. Lynx Nature Books. 2023. ISBN 978-84-16728-66-4. 
  • Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8. 
  • Upham, Nathan S.; Patterson, Bruce D. (2015). Biology of Caviomorph Rodents: Diversity and Evolution. Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Series A Mammalogical Research. ISBN 978-987-98497-3-6. 
  • Mammal Species of the World. 2 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. 

Template:Mammal lists



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