Biology:Urticaceae

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Short description: Family of flowering plants

Nettle family
Urtica-dioica(Blueten).jpg
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Urticaceae
Juss., 1789
Synonyms

Cecropiaceae C.C.Berg[1]

The Urticaceae /ɜːrtɪˈkeɪsiː/ are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus Urtica, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), māmaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai (Debregeasia saeneb).

The family includes about 2,625 species, grouped into 53 genera according to the database of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Christenhusz and Byng (2016).[2] The largest genera are Pilea (500 to 715 species), Elatostema (300 species), Urtica (80 species), and Cecropia (75 species). Cecropia contains many myrmecophytes.[3]

Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.

Description

Urticaceae species can be shrubs (e.g. Pilea), lianas, herbs (e.g. Urtica, Parietaria), or, rarely, trees (Dendrocnide, Cecropia). Their leaves are usually entire and bear stipules. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present. They have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are wind-pollinated. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.

Taxonomy

Male and female flower of Urtica

The APG II system puts the Urticaceae in the order Rosales, while older systems consider them part of the Urticales, along with Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Cannabaceae. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.

Fossil record

The fossil record of Urticaceae is scattered and mostly based on dispersed fruits. Twelve species based on fossil achenes are known from the Late Cretaceous of Central Europe. Most were assigned to the extant genera Boehmeria (three species), Debregeasia (one species) and Pouzolzia (three species), while three species were assigned to the extinct genus Urticoidea.[4] A Colombian fossil flora of the Maastrichtian stage has yielded leaves that resemble leaves of the tribe Ceropieae.[5] In the Cenozoic fossil leaves from the Ypresian Allenby Formation preserve distinct trichomes, and have been attributed to the Tribe Urticeae in the fossil record. The leaves had originally been identified as Rubus by earlier workers on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, but Devore et al (2020) interpreted the preserved hairs along the stem and major veins as stinging trichomes, rather than simple hairs or thorns.[6]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships[7][8] (see also [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]):

 
 

Moraceae (outgroup)

 
Urticaceae
 
Urticeae
 
 

Laportea

 
 
 
 

Obetia

 
 

Urera pro parte

 
 
 
 

Touchardia

 
 
 

Urera pro parte

 
 

Poikilospermum

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Girardinia

 
 
 

Dendrocnide

 
 

Discocnide

 
 
 
 
 

Nanocnide

 
 

Urtica (including Hesperocnide)

 
 
 
 
Elatostemateae
 
 

Procris

 
 
 

Pellionia

 
 

Elatostema

 
 
 
 
 

Myriocarpa + Gyrotaenia

 
 
 

Lecanthus

 
 

Pilea (including Sarcopilea)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cecropieae
 
 

Coussapoa

 
 
 

Myrianthus

 
 

Cecropia

 
 
 
 
 

Leucosyke

 
 

Maoutia

 
 
 
 
Boehmerieae
 

Oreocnide

 
 
 

Phenax

 
 
 
 

Chamabainia

 
 
 
 

Gonostegia

 
 
 

Pouzolzia pro parte

 
 
 

Neodistemon

 
 
 

Rousselia

 
 

Hemistylus

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Pouzolzia pro parte

 
 
 

Neraudia

 
 

Pipturus (including Nothocnide)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Boehmeria pro parte

 
 
 

Debregeasia

 
 
 

Astrothalamus

 
 
 

Archiboehmeria

 
 
 

Boehmeria pro parte

 
 

Sarcochlamys

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forsskaoleeae
 

Forsskaolea

 
 
 

Didymodoxa

 
 

Droguetia (including Australina)

 
 
 
Parietarieae
 

Parietaria

 
 
 

Soleirolia

 
 

Gesnouinia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Tribes and genera


Diseases

The Urticaceae are subject to many bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode parasitic diseases. Among them are:[20]

Image gallery

  • Pilea cadierei

  • Pilea pumila

  • Dendrocnide sp.

  • Elatostema umbellatum

  • Urtica dioica

  • Boehmeria nivea

  • Parietaria judaica flowers

  • Urtica dioica stinging hairs

  • The dotted bumps on the leaves of Urtica thunbergiana

References

  1. ↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2003-01-17). "Family: Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1165. 
  2. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598. 
  3. ↑ Chomicki G, Renner SS. (2015). "Phylogenetics and molecular clocks reveal the repeated evolution of ant-plants after the late Miocene in Africa and the early Miocene in Australasia and the Neotropics". New Phytologist 207 (2): 411–424. doi:10.1111/nph.13271. PMID 25616013. 
  4. ↑ Else Marie Friis; Peter R. Crane; Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen (18 Aug 2011). Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59283-3. 
  5. ↑ Treiber, E. L.; Gaglioti, A. L.; Romaniuc-Neto, S.; Madriñán, S.; Weiblen, G. D. (2016). "Phylogeny of the Cecropieae (Urticaceae) and the evolution of an ant-plant mutualism". Systematic Botany 41 (1): 56–66. doi:10.1600/036364416X690633. 
  6. ↑ DeVore, M. L.; Nyandwi, A.; Eckardt, W.; Bizuru, E.; Mujawamariya, M.; Pigg, K. B. (2020). "Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada". American Journal of Botany 107 (10): 1449–1456. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1548. PMID 33091153. 
  7. ↑ Wu Z-Y, Monro AK, Milne RI, Wang H, Liu J, Li D-Z. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of the nettle family (Urticaceae) inferred from multiple loci of three genomes and extensive generic sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 814–827. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.022. PMID 23850510. 
  8. ↑ Wu Z-Y, Milne RI, Chen C-J, Liu J, Wang H, Li D-Z. (2015). "Ancestral state reconstruction reveals rampant homoplasy of diagnostic morphological characters in Urticaceae, conflicting with current classification schemes". PLoS ONE 10 (11): e0141821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141821. PMID 26529598. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1041821W. 
  9. ↑ Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires JC, Morden CW. (2000). "Phylogeny of the Urticales based on three molecular data sets, with emphasis on relationships within Urticaceae". American Journal of Botany 87 (6): 162. http://2000.botanyconference.org/section13/abstracts/232.shtml. 
  10. ↑ Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW. (2002). "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany 89 (9): 1531–1546. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. PMID 21665755. http://www.bricol.net/research/CICphylog/CICfinalSTUFF/Urtical-rosids.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Hadiah JT, Quinn CJ, Conn BJ. (2003). "Phylogeny of Elatostema (Urticaceae) using chloroplast DNA data". Telopea 10 (1): 235–246. doi:10.7751/telopea20035618. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277933656. 
  12. ↑ Datwyler SL, Weiblen G. (2004). "On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany 91 (5): 767–777. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431. 
  13. ↑ Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2): 402–416. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884. 
  14. ↑ Monro AK. (2006). "The revision of species-rich genera: A phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and morphology". American Journal of Botany 93 (3): 426–441. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.426. PMID 21646202. 
  15. ↑ Hadiah JT, Conn BJ, Quinn CJ (2008). "Infra-familial phylogeny of Urticaceae, using chloroplast sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany 21 (5): 375–385. doi:10.1071/SB08041. 
  16. ↑ Conn BJ, Hadiah JT (2009). "Nomenclature of tribes within the Urticaceae". Kew Bulletin 64 (2): 349–352. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9108-4. 
  17. ↑ Kim C, Deng T, Chase M, Zhang D-G, Nie Z-L, Sun H. (2015). "Generic phylogeny and character evolution in Urticeae (Urticaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA regions". Taxon 64 (1): 65–78. doi:10.12705/641.20. 
  18. ↑ Treiber EL, Gaglioti EL, Romaniuc-Neto S, Madriñán S, Weiblen GD. (2016). "Phylogeny of the Cecropieae (Urticaceae) and the evolution of an ant–plant mutualism". Systematic Botany 41 (1): 56–66. doi:10.1600/036364416X690633. 
  19. ↑ Deng Tao; Kim C; Zhang D-G; Zhang J-W; Li Z-M; Nie Z-L; Sun H. (2013). "Zhengyia shennongensis: A new bulbiliferous genus and species of the nettle family (Urticaceae) from central China exhibiting parallel evolution of the bulbil trait". Taxon 62 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1002/tax.621008. 
  20. ↑ "Common Names of Plant Diseases: Diseases of Foliage Plants (House Plants): Urticaceae". The American Phytopathological Society. 26 March 1993. http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/FoliagePlants.aspx. 
  21. ↑ Chase, A. R. (1983). "Influence of host plant and isolate source on Myrothecium leaf spot of foliage plants". Plant Disease 67 (6): 668–671. doi:10.1094/PD-67-668. http://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents/1983Articles/PlantDisease67n06_668.PDF. 
  22. ↑ Nguyen, Thu Ha, Mathur, S. B., & Neergaard, Paul (1973). "Seed-borne species of Myrothecium and their pathogenic potential". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 61 (2): 347–354, IN14–IN16. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80156-1. 

Further reading

  • Pignatti, Sandro (1982) (in it). Flora d'Italia. Bologna: Edagricole. ISBN 978-88-506-2449-2. 
  • Friis, Ib (1989). Urticaceae. Flora of tropical East Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-90-6191-352-8. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q156332 entry



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