Biology:List of hominoids

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Short description: Species in mammal superfamily Hominoidea

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Brown orangutan
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli)

Hominoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, and humans. Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. They range in size from some gibbon species in the genus Nomascus, at 40 cm (16 in), to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are omnivorous. Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as endangered or critically endangered; aside from humans, the only exception is the eastern hoolock gibbon, classified as vulnerable.

The twenty-eight extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two families: Hominidae, containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily Homininae, and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily Ponginae; and Hylobatidae, containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "Extinct".

Classification

World map
Distribution of hominid species
Map of southeastern Asia
Distribution of hylobatid species

The superfamily Hominoidea consists of two extant families: Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies: Homininae, containing five species divided between three genera, and Ponginae, containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.

Family Hominidae

  • Subfamily Homininae
    • Genus Gorilla (gorillas): two species
    • Genus Homo (human): one species
    • Genus Pan (chimpanzees): two species
  • Subfamily Ponginae
    • Genus Pongo (orangutans): three species

Family Hylobatidae

  • Genus Hoolock (hoolock gibbons): three species
  • Genus Hylobates (dwarf gibbons): eight species
  • Genus Nomascus (crested gibbons): seven species
  • Genus Symphalangus (siamang): one species
Hominoidea[2]  
Hominidae  
Ponginae

Pongo

 
Homininae
 

Gorilla

 
 
 

Pan

 
 

Homo

 
 
 
 
Hylobatidae  
 
 

Hylobates

 
 
 

Nomascus

 
 
 

Hoolock

 
 

Symphalangus

 
 
 
 
 
 

Hominoids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Family Hominidae

Subfamily Homininae

Genus Gorilla – Geoffroy, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla

Black gorilla

G. beringei
Matschie, 1903

Two subspecies
 		Central Africa
<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" width="162">{"properties":{"stroke-width":6,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"List of hominoids"},"type":"ExternalData","title":"Eastern gorilla range.map","service":"page"}</mapframe> 		Size: 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long[4]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Roots, leaves, stems, and pith, as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[6] 		 CR 


2,600 Population declining[5]

Western gorilla

Black gorilla

G. gorilla
(Savage, 1847)

Two subspecies
 		Western Africa
<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" width="162">{"properties":{"stroke-width":6,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"List of hominoids"},"type":"ExternalData","title":"Western gorilla range.map","service":"page"}</mapframe> 		Size: 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark[9] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Genus Homo – Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Human

Two humans standing in grass

H. sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide (population density shown)
Map of range 		Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[10]

Habitat: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous 		 NE 


8 billion Population increasing

Genus Pan – Oken, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo

Black bonobo

P. paniscus
Schwarz, 1929 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers, truffles, fungus, and honey[12] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Chimpanzee

Black chimpanzee

P. troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)

Four subspecies
 		Central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long[13]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[14]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[15] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Subfamily Ponginae

Genus Pongo – Lacépède, 1799 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan

Reddish-brown orangutan

P. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1760)

Three subspecies
  • P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[18] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Sumatran orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. abelii
Lesson, 1827 		Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs[20] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Tapanuli orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson, Groves, 2017 		South Tapanuli in Sumatra
List of hominoids is located in Sumatra
List of hominoids
 Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16][21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[23] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[22]

Family Hylobatidae

Genus Hoolock – Mootnick, Groves, 2005 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon

H. leuconedys
(Groves, 1967) 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 55 cm (22 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[25] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Skywalker hoolock gibbon H. tianxing
Fan, 2017 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 81 cm (32 in) long[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[27] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Western hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. hoolock
(Harlan, 1834) 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[29] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Genus Hylobates – Illiger, 1811 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon

Black gibbon

H. agilis
F. Cuvier, 1821 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects[31] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. albibarbis
Lyon, 1911 		Southern Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30][32]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers[33] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Eastern grey gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. funereus
I. Geoffroy, 1850 		Northern Borneo (in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[34] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Kloss's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. klossii
(Miller, 1903) 		Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra
Map of range 		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects[36] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Lar gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Five subspecies
 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects[39] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Müller's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. muelleri
Martin, 1841 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves[40] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Pileated gibbon

White gibbon and black gibbon

H. pileatus
(Gray, 1861) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long[42]

Habitat: Forest[43]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[42] 		 EN 


47,000 Population declining[43]

Silvery gibbon

Gray gibbon

H. moloch
(Audebert, 1798) 		Island of Java in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[45] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[45]

Western grey gibbon H. abbotti
Kloss, 1929 		Western Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects[46] 		 EN 


30,000–45,000 Population declining[46]

Genus Nomascus – Miller, 1933 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon N. concolor
(Harlan, 1826)

Four subspecies
  • N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long[47]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[47] 		 CR 


1,500 Population declining[48]

Eastern black crested gibbon N. nasutus
(Künckel d'Herculais, 1884) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts[50] 		 CR 


45 Population declining[50]

Hainan black crested gibbon

Shadowed gibbon

N. hainanus
(Thomas, 1892) 		Island of Hainan in China
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Fruit[51] 		 CR 


10 Population steady[51]

Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon N. annamensis
Thinh, 2010 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards[52] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[52]

Northern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon

N. leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long[53]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[53] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[54]

Southern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. siki
(Delacour, 1951) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long[55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Fruit[56] 		 CR 


600 Population declining[56]

Yellow-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long[57]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[58] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Genus Symphalangus – Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Siamang

Black siamang

S. syndactylus
(Raffles, 1821) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[60] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[60]

References

  1. ↑ "Fossilworks: Hominoidea". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40883. 
  2. ↑ Shi, C.-M.; Yang, Z. (2018). "Coalescent-Based Analyses of Genomic Sequence Data Provide a Robust Resolution of Phylogenetic Relationships among Major Groups of Gibbons". Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 (1): 159–179. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx277. PMID 29087487. 
  3. ↑ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 178-184
  4. ↑ Kingdon, p. 93
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Plumptre, A.; Robbins, M. M.; Williamson, E. A. (2019). "Gorilla beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T39994A115576640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39994A115576640.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39994/115576640. 
  6. ↑ Lindsley, Tracy; Sorin, Anna Bess (2001). "Gorilla beringei". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gorilla_beringei/. 
  7. ↑ Kingdon, p. 91
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Maisels, F.; Bergl, R. A.; Williamson, E. A. (2018). "Gorilla gorilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T9404A136250858. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T9404A136250858.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/136250858. 
  9. ↑ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2008). "Gorilla gorilla". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gorilla_gorilla/. 
  10. ↑ Roser, M.; Appel, C.; Ritchie, H. (2019). "Human Height". Our World in Data (Global Change Data Lab). https://ourworldindata.org/human-height. Retrieved August 28, 2023. 
  11. ↑ Kingdon, p. 97
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fruth, B.; Hickey, J. R.; André, C.; Furuichi, T.; Hart, J.; Hart, T.; Kuehl, H.; Maisels, F. et al. (2016). "Pan paniscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15932/102331567. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  13. ↑ Kingdon, p. 95
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Humle, T.; Maisels, F.; Oates, J. F.; Plumptre, A.; Williamson, E. A. (2016). "Pan troglodytes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15933A129038584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15933A17964454.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15933/129038584. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  15. ↑ Shefferly, Nancy (2005). "Pan troglodytes". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pan_troglodytes/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Petter; Desbordes, p. 140
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ancrenaz, M.; Gumal, M.; Marshall, A. J.; Meijaard, E.; Wich, S. A.; Husson, S. (2016). "Pongo pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T17975A123809220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17975A17966347.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17975/123809220. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  18. ↑ Strobel, Benjamin (2013). "Pongo pygmaeus". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pongo_pygmaeus/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Singleton, I.; Wich, S. A.; Nowak, M.; Usher, G.; Utami-Atmoko, S. S. (2017). "Pongo abelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T121097935A123797627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/121097935/123797627. {{cite iucn}}: error: |doi= / |page= mismatch (help)
  20. ↑ Urban, Kelle (2008). "Pongo abelii". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pongo_abelii/. 
  21. ↑ Nater, A.; Mattle-Greminger, M. P.; Nurcahyo, A.; Nowak, M. G.; de Manuel, M.; Desai, T.; Groves, C.; Pybus, M. et al. (2017). "Morphometric, behavioral, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species". Current Biology 27 (22): 3487–3498. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047. PMID 29103940. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Nowak, M. G.; Rianti, P.; Wich, S. A.; Meijaard, E.; Fredriksson, G. (2017). "Pongo tapanuliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T120588639A120588662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/120588639/120588662. 
  23. ↑ Patana, P.; Zahra, M.; Rivai, M. I. (2021). "Vegetation diversity of feeding plant of Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in the land of other uses around the Batang Toru Forest Area, North Sumatera". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 782 (32015): 032015. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/782/3/032015. Bibcode: 2021E&ES..782c2015P. 
  24. ↑ Lussier, Zachary (September 2022). "Eastern Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys". https://neprimateconservancy.org/eastern-hoolock-gibbon/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Brockelman, W; Geissmann, T. (2019). "Hoolock leuconedys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T118355453A17968300. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T118355453A17968300.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118355453/17968300. 
  26. ↑ Burnie; Wilson, p. 151
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Fan, P. F.; Turvey, S. T.; Bryant, J. V. (2020). "Hoolock tianxing". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T118355648A166597159. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T118355648A166597159.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118355648/166597159. 
  28. ↑ Francis, p. 301
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Brockelman, W; Molur, S.; Geissmann, T. (2019). "Hoolock hoolock". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T39876A17968083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39876A17968083.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39876/17968083. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Francis, p. 300
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Geissmann, T.; Nijman, V.; Boonratana, R.; Brockelman, W; Roos, C.; Nowak, M. G. (2020). "Hylobates agilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10543A17967655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10543A17967655.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10543/17967655. 
  32. ↑ Supriatna, p. 175
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Marshall, A. J.; Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S. (2020). "Hylobates albibarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39879A17967053. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39879A17967053.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39879/17967053. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Supriatna, pp. 177–178
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Hylobates funereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39890A17990856. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39890A17990856.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39890/17990856. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Marcoux, Alix (2004). "Hylobates klossii". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_klossii/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Liswanto, D.; Whittaker, D.; Geissmann, T.; Whitten, T. (2020). "Hylobates klossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10547A17967475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10547A17967475.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10547/17967475. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Brockelman, W; Geissmann, T. (2020). "Hylobates lar". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10548A17967253. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10548A17967253.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10548/17967253. 
  39. ↑ Beaman, Mariah (2014). "Hylobates lar". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_lar/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Bruening, Sandra (2002). "Hylobates muelleri". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_muelleri/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Marshall, A. J.; Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S. M. (2020). "Hylobates muelleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39888A17990934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39888A17990934.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39888/17990934. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Cable, Rachel (2011). "Hylobates pileatus". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hylobates_pileatus/. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Brockelman, W; Geissmann, T.; Timmins, T.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Hylobates pileatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10552A17966665. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10552A17966665.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10552/17966665. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Ankel-Simons, p. 125
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Nijman, V. (2020). "Hylobates moloch". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10550A17966495. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10550A17966495.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10550/17966495. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Cheyne, S. M.; Nijman, V. (2020). "Hylobates abbotti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39889A17990882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39889A17990882.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39889/17990882. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Cheng, Clarence (2011). "Nomascus concolor". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nomascus_concolor/. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Pengfei, F.; Nguyen, M. H.; Phiaphalath, P.; Roos, C.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Rawson, B. M. (2020). "Nomascus concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39775A17968556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39775A17968556.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39775/17968556. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 DiCesare, Maria (August 2022). "Cao-Vit Gibbon, Nomascus nasutus". https://neprimateconservancy.org/cao-vit-gibbon/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Rawson, B. M.; Roos, C.; Nguyen, M. H.; Bleisch, W.; Geissmann, T.; Fan, P. F. (2020). "Nomascus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T41642A17969578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41642/17969578. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Geissmann, T.; Bleisch, W. (2020). "Nomascus hainanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T41643A17969392. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41643A17969392.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41643/17969392. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Thinh Van Ngoc, Roos; C., Rawson; B. M., Nguyen; M. H., Duckworth; J. W., Hoang Minh Duc; Nijman, V.; Thien Nguyen Van. (2020). "Nomascus annamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T120659170A120659179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T120659170A120659179.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/120659170/120659179. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Boyd, Tommy (2006). "Nomascus leucogenys". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nomascus_leucogenys/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Rawson, B. M.; Nguyen, M. H.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Roos, C.; Jiang, X.; Duckworth, J. W. (2020). "Nomascus leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39895A180816530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39895A180816530.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39895/180816530. 
  55. ↑ Lussier, Zachary (July 2022). "Southern White-Cheeked Gibbon, Nomascus siki". https://neprimateconservancy.org/southern-white-cheeked-gibbon/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Nguyen, M. H.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Roos, C.; Rawson, B. M.; Duckworth, J. W. (2020). "Nomascus siki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39896A17968765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39896A17968765.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39896/17968765. 
  57. ↑ Lussier, Zachary (August 2023). "Southern Yellow-Cheeked Gibbon, Nomascus gabriellae". https://neprimateconservancy.org/southern-yellow-cheeked-crested-gibbon/. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Rawson, B. M.; Hoang, M. D.; Roos, C.; Van, N. T.; Nguyen, M. H. (2020). "Nomascus gabriellae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T128073282A17968950. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T128073282A17968950.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/128073282/17968950. 
  59. ↑ Eastridge, Andrew (2023). "Symphalangus syndactylus". University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Symphalangus_syndactylus/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Nijman, V.; Geissmann, T.; Traeholt, C.; Roos, C.; Nowak, M. G. (2020). "Symphalangus syndactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39779A17967873. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39779A17967873.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39779/17967873. 

Sources



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