Biology:List of penguins

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Chinstrap penguin

Penguins are birds in the family Spheniscidae in the monotypic order Sphenisciformes.[1] They inhabit high-productivity marine habitats, almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere; the only species to occur north of the Equator is the Galapagos penguin.[2][3] The only group of birds other than the ratites to be entirely flightless, penguins are extremely adapted to their aquatic lifestyle, with a streamlined shape that minimizes drag, countershaded dark-and-white plumage,[3] dense bones,[2] powerful flippers, and insulating feathers that allow them to withstand very low temperatures on land and in water.[3]

There are currently 18 extant species of penguins recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, distributed among six genera.[1] Many species of fossil penguins are known from the Paleocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[4]

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the penguin's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[lower-alpha 1] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,[6] the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 18 species of penguins in six genera. This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Family Spheniscidae

Penguins

Genus Aptenodytes – Miller, J. F., 1778 – 2 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
King penguin

A. patagonicus
Miller, J. F., 1778 		Subantarctic islands
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  LC 


1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs Population increasing[7]

Emperor penguin

A. forsteri
Gray, G. R., 1884 		Antarctic sea ice
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  NT 


256,500 breeding pairs Population declining[8]

Genus Pygoscelis – Wagler, 1832 – 3 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Adélie penguin

P. adeliae
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841) 		Antarctica and surrounding islands
Map of range 		 LC 


1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs Population increasing[9]

Chinstrap penguin

P. antarcticus
(Forster, J. R., 1781) 		Antarctic Peninsula and Balleny Islands
Map of range 		 LC 


8,000,000 Population declining[10]

Gentoo penguin

P. papua
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Four subspecies
  • P. a. taeniata
  • P. a. papua
  • P. a. ellsworthi
  • P. a. poncetii
Subantarctic islands and locally in Antarctica
Map of range 		 LC 


774,000 Population stable[11]

Genus Eudyptula – Bonaparte, 1856 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Little penguin

E. minor
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Six subspecies
  • E. a. novaehollandiae
  • E. a. iredalei
  • E. a. variabilis
  • E. a. minor
  • E. a. albosignata
  • E. a. chathamensis
Australia and New Zealand
Map of range 		 LC 


469,760 Population stable[12]

Genus Spheniscus – Brisson, 1760 – 4 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Galapagos penguin

S. mendiculus
Sundevall, 1871 		Galápagos Islands
Map of range 		 EN 


1,200 Population declining[13]

Humboldt penguin

S. humboldti
Meyen, 1834 		South America
Map of range 		 VU 


23,800 Population declining[14]

Magellanic penguin

S. magellanicus
(Forster, J. R., 1781) 		South America
Map of range 		 LC 


2,200,000–3,200,000 Population declining[15]

African penguin

S. demersus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Coasts of Southern Africa
Map of range 		 EN 


41,700 Population declining[16]

Genus Megadyptes – Milne-Edwards, 1880 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Yellow-eyed penguin

M. antipodes
(Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841) 		New Zealand
Map of range 		 EN 


2,600–3,000 Population declining[17]

Genus Eudyptes – Vieillot, 1816 – 7 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Macaroni penguin

E. chrysolophus
(Brandt, J. F., 1837) 		Antarctic Peninsula, South America, and subantarctic islands in South Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Map of range 		 VU 


6,300,000 breeding pairs Population declining[18]

Royal penguin

E. schlegeli
Finsch, 1876 		Macquarie Island and nearby islands  LC 


1,340,000–1,660,000 Template:Population change unknown[19]

Northern rockhopper penguin

E. moseleyi
Mathews & Iredale, 1921 		Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island, and St. Paul Island  EN 


413,700 Population declining[20]

Southern rockhopper penguin

E. chrysocome
(Forster, J. R., 1781)

Two subspecies
  • E. c. filholi
  • E. c. chrysocome
South America and subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand  VU 


2,500,000 Population declining[21]

Fiordland penguin

E. pachyrhynchus
Gray, G. R., 1845 		New Zealand
Map of range 		 NT 


12,500–50,000 Population declining[22]

Snares penguin

E. robustus
Oliver, 1953 		Snares Islands
Map of range 		 VU 


63,000 Population stable[23]

Erect-crested penguin

E. sclateri
Buller, 1888 		Bounty and Antipodes Islands
Map of range 		 EN 


150,000 Population declining[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". July 2023. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G. et al., eds., "Penguins (Spheniscidae)" (in en), Birds of the World (Cornell Lab of Ornithology), doi:10.2173/bow.spheni1.01, https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/spheni1/1.0/introduction, retrieved 2023-09-27 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Davies, Lloyd S. (2010) (in en). The Penguins. Poyser Monographs. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9781408133309. https://books.google.com/books?id=aBjSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1. 
  4. ↑ "Fossilworks: Spheniscidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=39710. 
  5. ↑ "Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7". HBW and BirdLife International. 2022. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy. 
  6. ↑ Clements, James F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, Denis; Billerman, S. M.; Sullivan, B. L. et al. (2022). "The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/. 
  7. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes patagonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697748A184637776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697748/184637776. Retrieved 11 November 2021. 
  8. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Aptenodytes forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697752A157658053. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697752/157658053. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  9. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis adeliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697758A157660553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697758/157660553. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  10. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697761A184807209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697761/184807209. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  11. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis papua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697755A157664581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697755/157664581. Retrieved 18 November 2021. 
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptula minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697805A202126091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697805/202126091. Retrieved 13 November 2021. 
  13. ↑ Bird life International (2020). "Spheniscus mendiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697825A182729677. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697825/182729677. Retrieved 25 September 2021. 
  14. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus humboldti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697817A182714418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697817/182714418. Retrieved 13 November 2021. 
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus magellanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697822A157428850. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697822A157428850.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697822/157428850. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  16. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus demersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697810A157423361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697810/157423361. Retrieved 11 September 2023. 
  17. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Megadyptes antipodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697800A182703046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697800A182703046.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697800/182703046. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  18. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697793A184720991. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697793/184720991. Retrieved 12 November 2021. 
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Eudyptes schlegeli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T22697797A210894343. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697797/210894343. Retrieved 23 July 2022. 
  20. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes moseleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22734408A184698049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22734408/184698049. Retrieved 11 November 2021. 
  21. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysocome". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22735250A182762377. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735250/182762377. Retrieved 20 February 2022. 
  22. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes pachyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697776A182279725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697776A182279725.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697776/182279725. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  23. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Eudyptes robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22697782A132602343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697782A132602343.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697782/132602343. Retrieved 11 November 2021. 
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697789A131879000. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697789A131879000.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697789/131879000. Retrieved 13 November 2021. 



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