Biology:Lithobates

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Lithobates is a genus of frogs belonging to the family Ranidae, native to the Americas.[1] The name is derived from Ancient Greek: litho- (stone) and βάτης : bátēs (one that treads), meaning one that treads on rock, or rock climber.[2][3] As presently defined, it includes many of eastern North America's most familiar aquatic frog species, including the American bullfrog, green frog, and the leopard frogs.

Systematics

The name was defined by Hillis and Wilcox (2005) for a subgenus of four Central and South American frogs within the genus Rana.[4][5] The subgenus was subsequently expanded to seven species in Central and South America in a systematic revision of the genus Rana.[6] The name was previously used by Frost et al. as a separate genus of ranid frogs that included most of the North American frogs traditionally included in the genus Rana,[7] including the American bullfrog and northern leopard frog. Frost used the name in this sense in the frog section of a North American common names list edited by Crother (2008).[8] This proposed change has since been rejected by others, such as Stuart (2008),[9] Pauly et al. (2009),[10] AmphibiaWeb,[11] and Yuan et al. (2016).[6] AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/, an online compendium of amphibian names, follows Yuan et al. (2016) in recognizing Lithobates as a subgenus.[6] On the other hand, Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an online reference, uses Lithobates as a genus.[1] This definition is also followed by, e.g., the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)[12] and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.[13]

The earliest known members of this genus are known from the Early Miocene of Florida, and appear to belong to the leopard frog species complex.[14]

Species

Recent species

These species are recognised in the genus Lithobates:[1]

Alternatively, if Lithobates is treated as a subgenus (neotropical true frogs), then this narrower definition would contain the following species:

Fossil species

The following fossil species are known, all assignable to the L. pipiens (leopard frog) complex:[14]

  • †Lithobates bucella (Holman, 1965) (Early Miocene of Florida)
  • †Lithobates dubitus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Lithobates fayeae (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Lithobates moorei (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Lithobates miocenicus (Holman, 1965) (Early Miocene of Florida)
  • †Lithobates robustocondylus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Lithobates rexroadensis (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
  • †Lithobates parvissimus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)

The species described in 1942 were previously placed in their own genus, Anchylorana.[14]

Phylogeny

Cladogram after Martínez‐Gil et al. 2025:[15]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Lithobates Fitzinger, 1843". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia123/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Lithobates. 
  2. ↑ Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Hwfz9P9gS0C&pg=PR20. 
  3. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project one that treads or covers
  4. ↑ Hillis, David M.; Wilcox, Thomas P. (2005). "Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. PMID 15619443. http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/215.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Hillis, David M (2007). "Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. PMID 16997582. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Yuan, Zhi-Yong; Zhou, Wei-Wei; Chen, Xin; Poyarkov, Nikolay A.; Chen, Hong-Man; Jang-Liaw, Nian-Hong; Chou, Wen-Hao; Matzke, Nicholas J. et al. (2016). "Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms". Systematic Biology 65 (5): 824–842. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. PMID 27288482. 
  7. ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - Petropedetidae Noble, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05., Frost, Darrel R. et al. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
  8. ↑ Crother, B.I. (ed.) (2008): Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North American north of Mexico - "Standard and Common Names". http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Lithobates_main.php. . SSAR Herptological Circular 37:1-84.
  9. ↑ Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49–60 doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016 (HTMl abstract)
  10. ↑ Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (2009). "Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names". Herpetologica 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031r1.1. http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1255.pdf. 
  11. ↑ AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2012. Berkeley, California: Rana
  12. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1". International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search. 
  13. ↑ Crother, Brian I., ed (August 2012). Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Seventh edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 39. Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). pp. 1–92. ISBN 978-0-916984-85-4. http://ssarherps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HC_39_7thEd.pdf. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia. https://www.academia.edu/30177911/Nomenclatural_notes_on_living_and_fossil_amphibians. 
  15. ↑ Martínez‐Gil, Helena; Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni; Enriquez‐Urzelai, Urtzi (2025-08-16). "Different Macroevolutionary Trajectories Lead to Contrasting Ecogeographical Patterns in Two Widespread Frog Radiations" (in en). Global Ecology and Biogeography 34 (8). doi:10.1111/geb.70109. ISSN 1466-822X. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.70109. 

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Wikidata ☰ Q2047738 entry


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