Biology:Lycopodina hypogea
| Lycopodina hypogea | |
|---|---|
| File:Lycopodina hypogea PLOS.png | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Missing taxonomy template (fix): | Lycopodina |
| Species: | Template:Taxonomy/LycopodinaL. hypogea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Template:Taxonomy/LycopodinaLycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Lycopodina hypogea is a species of carnivorous sponge inhabiting the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea.
Description
The original description considered it closest to Asbestopluma hydra; Lycopodina was originally a species group within Asbestopluma,[2] and was subsequently elevated to genus level.
L. hypogea is a stipitate sponge, possessing a stalk which is fixed onto the substrate by an enlarged, unbranched base; its egg-shaped (ovoid) body is distinct from the stalk. Individuals possess 30-60 lateral filaments protruding from their body which are covered in hook-like spicules.[3] Their stalk is 3.7 to 14 mm (0.15 to 0.55 in) long and 0.1 to 0.18 mm (0.0039 to 0.0071 in) in diameter.[2] Their tissues are composed of a matrix of megascleres and microscleres embedded in spongin; their anatomy consists of low-density tissues, collagen fibrils, symbiotic bacteria, and various cell-types, including undifferentiated cells.[3] Choanocyte chamber and canals are absent in this species,[2] which is also seen in other cladorhizids.[3]
Distribution
The sponge was first described from a population inhabiting a marine cave near La Ciotat, France; the holotype and paratypes are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, France. This population grows directly on stone, being "abundant at the base of the cave walls near the mud floor", but also on "small pieces of rock partially embedded in the mud floor". These grow at depths of 17 to 22 m (56 to 72 ft) and with a temperature range of 13 to 14.7 °C (55.4 to 58.5 °F); sponge aggregations become sparser the deeper into the cave, and the densest aggregations occur in regions with sufficient ambient light to not require artificial light.[2]
New populations were subsequently found in the Atlantic Ocean, with a depth range of 5 to 50 m (16 to 164 ft).[4] Individuals were found to grow near mud volcanoes,[5] but also on marine plastic debris in the Mediterranean.[6]
Biology
The filaments of sponges that have not fed for several weeks may elongate slightly.[3] The species uses its anisochelae microscleres to capture prey,[2] likely aided by their cytoplasmic lining.[3] Prey items are digested outside of cells using digestive enzymes, autolysis, and bacterial action after it is covered by pinacocytes. Further digestion is done by archaeocytes and bacteriocytes. Large prey such as mysids, pycnogonids, ophiuroids, or phyllodocid worms (no larger than 8 mm (0.31 in) long) is estimated to require 8 to 10 days of digestion and recovery, though the main prey appears to consist of smaller microcrustaceans such as copepods, isopods, and ostracods.[3] Other prey items which were experimentally offered, such as microbes, Polycladida, or young fish were not captured. Undigestible parts are excreted after 3 to 5 days.[3] During digestion, the sponge reorganizes its body, with the degree of reorganization determinant on the size of the prey; this reorganization relies on a "highly dynamic cellular turnover", which implies a coordinated sequence of cell-death (apoptosis). Cell renewal and stem-cell proliferation seems to occur at the base of the sponge's peduncle (stalk).[7]
Sperm cells are released from the filaments.[8]
Relation to humans
This species may be cultivated in aquaria;[2] it is "easily" kept in captivity, though care is required to prevent excessive turbulence that may entangle the sponge's filaments. With infrequent feeding using Artemia and Hemimysis, Lycopodina hypogea may live and reproduce for several years in aquaria.[3] L. hypogea has been suggested to be an ideal model organism for investigating cell proliferation, homeostasis, and apoptosis in adult cells.[9][10] The species' genome and mitogenome has been studied.[11][12]
References
- ↑ "Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996)". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=863529.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "A new species of carnivorous sponge (Demospongiae: Cladorhizidae) from a Mediterranean cave". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Biologi 66: 109–115. 1996. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourceget&id=8458. Retrieved 4 April 2026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Vacelet, Jean; Duport, Eric (27 April 2004). "Prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Demospongiae)". Zoomorphology 123 (4): 179–190. doi:10.1007/s00435-004-0100-0.
- ↑ Chevaldonné, Pierre; Pérez, Thierry; Crouzet, Jean-Michel; Bay-Nouailhat, Wilfried; Bay-Nouailhat, Anne; Fourt, Maïa; Almón, Bruno; Pérez, Jacinto et al. (17 July 2014). "Unexpected records of 'deep-sea' carnivorous sponges Asbestopluma hypogea in the shallow NE Atlantic shed light on new conservation issues". Marine Ecology 6 (3): 475–484. doi:10.1111/maec.12155.
- ↑ Sitjà, C.; Maldonado, M.; Farias, C.; Rueda, J. L. (September 2018). "Deep-water sponge fauna from the mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz (North Atlantic, Spain)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 99 (4): 807–831. doi:10.1017/S0025315418000589.
- ↑ Santín, A.; Grinyó, J.; Bilan, M.; Ambroso, S.; Puig, P. (October 2020). "First report of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea (Cladorhizidae) associated with marine debris, and its possible implications on deep-sea connectivity". Marine Pollution Bulletin 159. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111501. PMID 32750596. Bibcode: 2020MarPB.15911501S.
- ↑ Martinand-Mari, Camille; Vacelet, Jean; Nickel, Michael; Wörheide, Gert; Mangeat, Paul; Baghdiguian, Stephen (15 November 2012). "Cell death and renewal during prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Poecilosclerida)". Experimental Biology 215 (22): 3937–3943. doi:10.1242/jeb.072371. PMID 22899530.
- ↑ Vacelet, Jean; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Le Goff, Emilie; Ereskovsky, Alexander (February 2022). "Spermatogenesis in the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea (Porifera, Demospongiae)". Zoomorphology 141: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s00435-022-00553-9.
- ↑ Baghdiguian, Stephen; Le Goff, Emilie; Paradis, Laure; Vacelet, Jean; Godefroy, Nelly (18 April 2023). "Using the Carnivorous Sponge Lycopodina hypogea as a Nonclassical Model for Understanding Apoptosis-Mediated Shape Homeostasis at the Organism Level". Foundations 3 (2): 220–230. doi:10.3390/foundations3020018.
- ↑ "The carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea: a fascinating top- (non-yet) model!". Moscow State University. https://istina.msu.ru/conferences/presentations/793095003/.
- ↑ Pérez, Thierry; Vacelet, Jean; Erpenbeck, Dirk; Hentschel, Ute; Oatley, Graeme; Sinclair, Elizabeth; Aunin, Eerik; Gettle, Noah et al. (17 February 2026). "The chromosomal genome sequence of the carnivorous sponge, Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996) (Poecilosclerida: Cladorhizidae) and its associated microbial metagenome sequences". Wellcome Open Research 11 (130): 130. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25959.1. PMID 41835092. PMC 12988363. https://wellcomeopenresearch-files.f1000.com/manuscripts/28571/499abe98-8b47-41f9-9dec-250f26f4c9c0_25959_-_tree_of_life_team_sanger.pdf?doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25959.1>mKey=GTM-5P673KJ&immUserUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwor-proxy.f1krdev.com%2Feditor%2Fmember%2Fshow%2F&otid=23226e40-fdd0-4acd-97a3-d9bad93befed&s3BucketUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwellcomeopenresearch-files.f1000.com&submissionUrl=%2Ffor-authors%2Fpublish-your-research&transcendEnv=cm&transcendId=ef49a3f1-d8c1-47d6-88fc-50e41130631f&numberOfBrowsableCollections=17&numberOfBrowsableInstitutionalCollections=0&numberOfBrowsableGateways=21. Retrieved 4 April 2026.
- ↑ De Paula, Thiago Silva; Leite, Dora de Moura Barbosa; Lobo-Hajdu, Gisele; Vacelet, Jean; Thompson, Fabiano; Hajdu, Eduardo (4 February 2025). "The complete mitochondrial DNA of the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea is putatively complemented by microDNAs". PeerJ 12. doi:10.7717/peerj.18255. PMID 39559335.
Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry
 |  |
